2017博物館導游詞4篇
中文導游詞
大家好,歡迎來到上海博物館參觀。博物館向人們展示的人類文明的窗口,而上海博物館是上海乃至中國向海內外公眾展示我們中華五千年文明的窗口。
上海博物館是位于上海市人民廣場南端,該館創建于1952年,是上海市市領導決策,支持和海內外各界的慷慨捐助下,經過兩年時間建設,最終落成在大家眼前的這座國內大型的綜合性藝術博物館。
上海博物館作為上海城市文明的標志,與上海地位相適應,所以系設計方案都是十分嚴格。經篩選,采用上海建筑設計研究院刑同和副總設計師主持的設計方案。
新館占地33畝,地下二層,地上五層,地面高度系29.5米,建筑面積達4萬平方米。原來的上海博物館只有4個陳列館,現在增擴至10個陳列館和1個專館。展覽面積達1.2萬平方米,是原來的3.4倍。有11個長期展覽的陳列館如:青銅器、陶瓷、雕刻、玉器和少數民族工藝品等。而1995年先有青銅器館、陶瓷館和雕刻館正式對公眾開放。
我們現在站在博物館大門前,看一下這個新館的造型,它的設計是方形基座與圓形放射型相結合,有著鮮明的空間感。“方”象征著四面八方,“圓”著意文化淵源之循環往復,這個館的四座“拱門”弧線,體現了開放的世界。整座建筑猶如一尊放大有耳的中國古代青銅器。如果從高空中俯瞰,我們可以看到這個個圓盤形的屋頂恰似一面巨大漢鏡。不僅蘊含了極具中國特色的文化傳統“天圓地方”,凝聚著中華文明結晶,更體現了我們是基于現代科技,面向世界、面向未來的時代感。新上海博物館是上海市現代化的跨世紀標志性建筑之一。
下面請大家隨我一同走進這座上海新博物館,一同感受我國中華五千年文明,投入追古依舊之中。博物館的大廳地鋪青磚,墻飾米黃色花崗巖,大廳中央地面鑲有古樸碩大的寶相花圖案。我們首先參觀的是“青銅器館”。
青銅器是中國古代文化的瑰寶,青銅器文化是記錄奴隸社會的形象載體。上海博物館收藏的青銅器門類齊全,器物精湛。以商、西周、春秋、戰國各時代、各地區成系統的收藏來講,上海博物館與北京故宮博物院、臺北故宮博物館不相上下。上海博物館尤以長篇銘文同歷史著錄的重器為特色。而這個青銅器館充分反映了中國青銅工藝發展的完整體系同中國民族非凡的創造力。
青銅是人類歷史上的一項偉大發明,是世界冶金鑄造史上最早的合金。是紅銅加入錫、鉛,成為一種新的合金,這種合金歷經幾千年的化學反應,其表面出現一層青灰色的銹,也是我們眼前看到的這些。
中國青銅工藝的時代跨度,大致從公元前21世紀的夏代至公元前221年以前的戰國時代,可分為初始期、育成期、鼎盛期、轉變期、更新期等幾個階段。中國的青銅器主要是以禮器為主,其形制大概可以劃歸為五大類,即日常用器(炊器、食器、酒器、飾物)、樂器、兵器、工具和貨幣。
剛剛大家已看過青銅器的初始期和育成期了,下面等我來向大家介紹一下青銅器的鼎盛期。青銅器的鼎盛期是從商代晚期至西周早期。這個時期的青銅器鑄作精湛,而且都是成套的鑄作,品種之多系空前絕后的。這時期的青銅器上大多裝飾獸面紋同各種動物紋,瑰異莊嚴,神秘莫測,這些都是體現了人們對大自然力量的崇拜。
就好像這個“簋”,在古代是用來放置食物的器皿。形狀或方或圓,在當時是貴族的食器或祭器。但后來又逐漸流傳到民間,而我們民間更有“九大簋”之說。何謂“九大簋”呢?意思是筵席的時候好豐盛,有九個大簋裝放菜肴食物。古時祭祀,通常都是“二簋”、“四簋”、“八簋”,但有些地方慣稱盛宴為“九大簋”。在“九”與“簋”之間還加個“大”,不單指多,而且含有極其豐盛、隆重意思。人們所講的“簋”,是指可裝五至六斤米飯之“大碗”。按現代人的食量,“九大簋”可供一百幾十人享用。由此可知,“九大簋”是極言其飯菜之豐盛,夸耀其筵席規格之高。
傳統“九大簋”的九道菜已經演變成我們現代“九大簋”的這九道菜,分別是:1.蝦米燉冬菇;2.豬皮膠燉田鴨;3.南乳冬筍燉花腩;4.白切雞;5.柴火燉大白菜;6.荷蘭豆炒雙魷雞雜;7.蒜蓉燉海蜆;8.扣肉煲;9.咕嚕肉。
可以說是層出不窮,花樣百出。聽我講了這么多美味的菜肴大家是不是也想品嘗一番。大家看一下這個,這是現存西周青銅器中第二大器“大克鼎”。它是于1890年在陜西扶風出土,重201.5公斤。最為珍貴的是它內腹壁鑄銘文290個,記載了大貴族頌揚其祖先師華父輔助周王的功德、周夷王賞賜他命服、土地及奴隸等史實。
前面的是青銅工藝的轉變期。再往前走,就是青銅器鑄造技術達到了新的高峰的更新期。在這時期的青銅器的禮器特性逐漸消失,而且相當一部分轉化為日常生活器用。
大家看一下這些都是近年搶救的14件晉候酥編鐘,大的52cm,小的22cm。銘文記載了晉獻候在周宣王率領下進行戰爭中,殺敵數百,擒獲俘虜多批,因而受到周宣王親臨賞賜。還有這個,由馬館長從香港搶救回國的西漢早期錯金銀鳥篆書銅壺,這個壺是諸侯王的用器,但可惜的是這個壺失去了一個蓋,它代表了西漢時期青銅器金銀錯工藝的最高水準,屬一級文物中特殊精品。
大家一邊參觀有關古代青銅器鑄造過程的模擬陳列和制瓷工藝的方法,一同隨我走進另一個館-—“陶瓷館”。
陶瓷是中國古代偉大的發明之一。陶器在我國有著悠久的歷史,在距今88XX年前的江西省萬年縣已有古人制陶足跡。在這里展示了不同時期陶器文化,歷史文物。在唐代以前,陶器的制造,從選料,色彩,工序上都比較單調。一直到唐代,“唐三彩”的出現也標志著我國陶瓷進入了絢麗多彩的階段。“唐三彩”是以鐵、銅、錳、鈷等金屬原料為呈色劑,在低溫氧化中燒成黃、綠、褐、紫等多種色彩。以前的唐三彩主要是作為陪葬品,以馬的形象最生動,而駱駝也常見。好像這頭駱駝馱著貨物,在行進中仰首嘶鳴,兩只駝峰左右分開,這普通的生理特征,被永恒地保留下來。
還有宜興的紫砂器也是名聞天下的。宜興是中國的“陶都”。紫砂茶具是由陶器發展而成的,而宜興燒制的紫砂器質地細膩,堅硬而耐寒耐熱,泡茶不失原味,還能保持真香,且傳熱緩慢不易燙手,顏色以赤褐色、淡黃色和紫黑色多種,造型多樣,是泡茶首選器皿。歷史上曾有“一壺重不數兩,價重每一二十金,能使土與黃金爭價”之說,好的紫砂器價值不菲,我們所看見的大多是明清時名人名家所作,甚為珍貴。
除陶器外,這里還向人們展示了我國獨特創造發明的瓷器。這里主要展示的是瓷器的發展和燒制瓷器的設備――窯,以及瓷器制品的展覽。中國是瓷器的故鄉。瓷器的發明是中國古代勞動人民對人類文明又一偉大貢獻。在3000多年前的殷商時期就由青瓷的生產,但大多是陪葬品,而且在造型上仿制青銅器。好像這件商代青釉弦紋尊也屬陪葬品,但這可以說是現存原始瓷器中器形完整、釉汁勻凈的上品。
一直到宋代是中國陶瓷史上空前繁榮時期,呈現出汝、定、官、哥、鈞“五大名窯”和龍泉、耀州、磁州、建陽、吉州窯等百花齊放的局面。汝窯窯址位于河南寶豐縣,史五大名窯之首,為冠絕古今之中國瓷器名窯。專燒青瓷,供宮廷用;定窯在河北曲陽縣,瓷器多以白瓷為主,且多采用金屬包邊;官窯,聽名都想到是皇室官府所開的,現在大家所見的都是南宋官窯瓷器,大家看這些窯器,用料講究,制作工整,布滿細碎紋片,口沿釉薄處隱露紫褐色胎,足部露胎呈黑色,俗稱“紫口鐵足”;還有這些哥窯燒制而成的,由于燒制過程中產生的缺陷而造成一種瑕疵美,被人賦以“金絲鐵線”、“網格金線”,這件哥窯汝釘足洗堪稱哥窯代表作。
一直到元代,江西景德鎮成為我國制瓷的中心,景德鎮也被稱為“瓷都”。景德鎮的瓷器工藝的成熟與發展,結束了原有以青瓷為主流的傳統,開創了以青花為主流的彩色釉發展道路。青花的優點是著色力強,發色明快;藍花白地,素雅明凈;青花為釉下彩繪,有釉保護,永不退色。
清代是中國古代瓷器發展的最后一個高峰,尤以康、雍、乾時期為突出。釉上彩分五彩、斗彩、粉彩和琺瑯彩。五彩瓷器以“康熙五彩”最為突出,造型豐富,除紅、黃、綠三色,還發明了釉上藍和黑色,這件五彩百鳥朝鳳盤,器形規整,畫面生動,實為五彩佳作。
最后,陶瓷器館還有古代瓷器制作坊和窯爐的模擬陳列。通過參觀,可以對我國古代瓷器制作工藝與窯爐式樣、功能有個概略的了解。
英文導游詞
brief:
shanghai museum is a must-see for foreign visitors to shanghai.
shanghai museum is especially famous for its treasures of bronzes, ceramics, chinese calligraphy and traditional paintings.
location:
the shanghai museum is situated in the heart of people’s square. opposite to the city hall and is surrounded by the moon and sun corridor.
history:
it was built in the 1930s, formerly occupied by zhong hui bank owned by a shanghai celebrity yuesheng du. in 1952, it was converted into a museum. the new museum building was erected in september 1994 and most of the facilities were installed in 1995. it was entirely opened on october 12 in 1996. the five big gilt characters on the lintel were written by yi chen, the first mayor of shanghai after the founding of new china.
with a collection of over 120,000 pieces of cultural relics in 12 categories, including bronze, ceramics (pottery and porcelain ware), calligraphy, paintings, jade and ivory ware, numismatics, furniture, seal carvings, sculptures, arts and crafts and costumes of chinese minorities, shanghai museum is especially famous for its collection of bronzes, ceramics, paintings and calligraphy. and there is also a special gallery of donated relics and three temporary exhibition halls.
with a collection of over 120,000 pieces of cultural relics in 12 categories, including bronze, ceramics (pottery and porcelain ware), calligraphy, paintings, jade and ivory ware, numismatics, furniture, seal carvings, sculptures, arts and crafts and costumes of chinese minorities, shanghai museum is especially famous for its collection of bronzes, ceramics, paintings and calligraphy. and there is also a special gallery of donated relics and three temporary exhibition halls.
The Exhibition of Inscribed Bamboo Tablets of Wu Kingdom of the Three Kingdoms at Changsha Ladies and gentlemen,
Welcome to Changsha museum. Well be here to visit “The Exhibition of Inscribed Bamboo Tablets of Wu Kingdom of the Three Kingdoms at Changsha and The Years of Unearthed Most Valuable Cultural Relics”. I hope my explanation can satisfy you!
Now, we are in the first exhibition hall. Here, it adopts panoramic technique, and restores the site of unearthing Bamboo Tablets of Wu Kingdom. In 1996, during July to November, in the southeast of Wu Yi square, team up with Ping He Tang Department. The exhumations were carried on by Changsha relics work teams. They unearth 61 archaic wells during the
Warring States period and the Ming and Qing Dynasty, and found out 3000 kinds of relics, like copper, iron bamboo, wood, ceramics, and so on. To people’s astonishment, in the No.22 archaic well, they found lots of bamboo tablets and wooden
slips. After confirming, they are the relics of Sun Wu in Three kingdoms 1700 years ago. These patches of relics would replenish the lacked historical materials of three kingdoms exactly. Our country once had four discoveries: The oracle bone inscription of Yin, bamboo tablets and wooden slips of Tunxu in northwest China, Cultural books of Dunhuang stone room, Files of Qing cabinet. Bamboo Tablets of Wu Kingdom of the Three Kingdoms at Changsha can be mentioned in the same breath with the four discoveries, and become the searching subject of international academia.
Everybody! Please look at the cross section reconstruction of the NO.22 archaic well. Its upper part of opening was damaged when it was excavating. This is an irregular circular shape vertical shaft; the bottom has a bag form likely. The opening of the well has a length 3.5 m from south to north, 3.1 m from east to west, and 5.6 m in depth. The opening is covered with pure red brown color clay, 1.5 m deeper of which is the bamboo tablets and wooden slips layer. The bamboo tablets and wooden slips layer is 50 cm thick in center and 20 cm thin on all sides, piled up with slope form. The ropes tied the bamboo tablets and wooden slips have become rotten, but we can see they were buried by bundles at that time. There are more than 10,000 pieces of bamboo tablets and wooden slips by the initial statistics. The second layer is the gray brown clay layer of 3.1 m thick, among them mix up
with lots of bamboo wood scrapes, grass scrapes, leaves, fragmentary bricks, pottery and porcelain and so on. At the bottom of the well is another small well, which has square wooden frame. The four corners are nailed by a stick of spile inlayed with two wooden boards as the well wall. The circle of the well is 93 cm long, 58 cm tall. The function of this small well is probably for gathering the groundwater from all sides of the well, and then put forward to pour out with water pitcher and other tools in order to maintain the well space dry. This is the living photo taken by the time of excavating.
Analyzing the structure and relics of the well NO.22, it is an ancient well for storing food. The climate of Changsha is so hot, wet and rainy that the food is easy to be rot, but the circumstance under the ground of 10 m depth is just like as a modern refrigerator. The archaeological discoveries approved that people had used this storing method from the time of Shang dynasty.
You may ask that, why were the bamboo tablets of Wu Kingdom buried in the well? There are two statements. The first one considered that in the period of Three Kingdoms, there were so many wars, the suddenly burst-out war made people bury them here in a hurry. The other considered that to bury them in the well may be a way of dealing with the records in the past.
Now please look at the photo. This is the photo of unearthing the No.22 well. We can see that the bamboo tablets and wooden slips were soaked in the mud. Why can they be kept intact for over 1700 years? One of the important reasons is that the ground water level in Changsha was very high, and the bamboo tablets and wooden slips were soaked in the water. Besides, they were buried deeply; they can be sealed up wall. With these, they can be kept intact for over 1700 years.
Next, let’s visit the second exhibition room. In this room we can get the detailed introduction of the bamboo tablets and wooden slips. Before we visit, I have a question to ask. Do you know whether the words on the bamboo tablets and wooden slips were written or carved on them? With the question, let’s look at the photo of the pottery figurine. This pottery figurine was unearthed in a Western Jin tomb in Jinpenling in Changsha in 1950s. On the left of the photo there is a man handing a wooden slip and reading something, the man on the right who were holding a hair pencil in a hand and a wooden slip in the other was writing something. The pottery figurine shows us the condition of ancients writing on the bamboo tablets and wooden slips. Now, we can say, the word on the bamboo tablets and slips were written on them. Did you guess it?
To see another set of photos. This is a hair pencil unearthed from one of the tombs of the Warring State at Zuojiagong Mountain of Changsha in 1954. Its shaft is long and small but easy to be broken. On the side of it there is a bamboo pipe used for containing the pen when it is collected and preserved. This is an ink stone with little ink blocks near it. Here also remains a bronze chopping knife which is used for the calligrapher to make inscribed bamboo and wooden slips and correct writing mistakes. This is a set of photos of calligraphy tools discovered in No.168 Tomb in Jinan city of former capital of Chu State. In addition to this, there are 6 pieces of wooden slips without character. This is also the most complete and most typical set of Han Dynasty’s stationery ever seen up to now. Uniting our ancient people calculates the number of the inscribed bamboo tablets and wooden slips are not “slice”, but “jin”. It is recorded in history that the 1st emperor of Qin Dynasty did not have a rest until he finished reading over 120 jin of memorial to throne and inscribed bamboo and wooden slips.
Please notice the following brief tablet about information of the inscribed bamboo and wooden slips unearthed from all parts of the nation from this century. Among this, the column in red character is the number of the inscribed bamboo and wooden slips excavated from Changsha this time. The number this time has exceeded the total amount of that unearthed from all parts of the nation these years. Therefore, it is named as “the surprising wonder of the world”and “one of the most important archaeological discoveries of this century.”
It is well known that document history in the Three Kingdom Period handed down is very rare.”The Annals of Three Kingdom”by Chenshou in Xijin has 65 volumes, among which there are 30 volumes of Wei Book, 15 volumes of Shu Book, 20 volumes of Wu Book with total of more than 1 million characters. Over the years, the unearthed inscribed bamboo slips and wooden tablets in nationwide archaeology is also rarely seen and only exist tens of pieces in Anhui, Jiangxi and Hubei .But nowadays in Changsha, the total number of the excavation of the inscribed bamboo from Wu State in Three Kingdom Period reaches 10 thousand pieces for just one time and the total wordage reaches more than 3 million if counted with 20 words in each piece. These character materials greatly surpass the total wordage in that of the “Annals of Three Kingdom”, which offers abundant material for the study of social economy, political system, inscribed bamboo and volume system, history and geography and also fill the vacancy of historic works. We can forecast that the discovery of inscribed bamboo slips from Wu State in Changsha will surely influence many aspects of the Chinese historic study and anew examining and verifying the past final conclusion.
Well, let us have a look at this map. Though the series archaeological excavation around the “Wuyi square ”by our archaeological workers, we have preliminarily defined the region of the ancient Changsha .It extends northward to “Lao Zhaobi ”, southward to “Pozi Street”, eastward to “Cai’e Road”and westward to “Shanghe Street”which shaped rectangle. And the center of Changsha is today’s “Wuyi Square, which, we can say, hasn’t changed basically nearly 3000years.
The unearthed inscribed bamboo slips and wooden tablets for this time, if according to their shape, they can be distributed to big and small inscribed bamboo slips, wooden tablets and so on; if according to their use, they can be distributed to five kinds:
The first kind is document. It can be subdivided into two parts. One is the land rent document with 0.5m long, 2.5cm wide and 100 to 200 Chinese characters on. The other is the official document which recorded the distribution and exchanging of money, crops, and goods among different governmental setups. Please look at this smaller slice. It is a classified label. It shows us a monthly report recorded by two officials named Huang Wei and Pan lv in the first year of Jia He period.
Second, about judicature, which recorded some detail contents and economic cases, such as the trying, appealing and reexamining? What’s on this wooden tablet is an individual case about a Du You. Du You is a kind of government official. He was sentenced to death for his corruptness of salt, but he was not convinced and appealed to a high court. However, the reexamining did not make the judge change. So he had nothing to do but accept.
The third kind is directory, somewhat like the household and registered books today. Let’s look at this slice. Here the Chinese character “Rong Li”was a name of some place in Changsha. This whole sentence means there is a man named He Qin, 55 years old, lived in Rong Li. His dukedom is Gong Cheng. And here "Suan Yi" means can be counted as one of a taxpayer;" Xing Liang Zu" refers to whose legs had been cut off. The directory served as a registered permanent resident, which put down people’s name, age, position and something we can’t find in our registered permanent resident---physical condition.
The fourth one is calling card. It mainly referred to paying respect, giving gift and administrative affairs, as visiting cards we use today.
The last kind is the wooden tablet on account which recorded the managing account of departments belongs to Changsha government.
Please look at these historical relics again. This blue and green porcelain in the Three Kingdoms and Tow Jin Dynasties were discovered in ZouMalou ancient well. Look, their glazed colors is sparking and crystal-clear, the decorate are simple and element. The second among them is called "Chichen-Head Potting", the potting is coronal form, guides the neck and proceeded high, and the modeling of it is very beautiful. These potting were very popular in Jin Dynasty. They were used as pitcher and chalice.
Everybody has seen many photos, has listened to so much explanation, now we come to see the original of the bamboo slips, wooden tablets or slips for writing.
Now, you see in the pyramid shape exhibition cupboard, it is a bamboo slips and wooden tablets or slips original that explored in Zoumalou in the ancient well of the building this time. The bamboo slips and wooden tablets or slips are the material that the ancient remains of our country come down to write. Among them the narrow and long bamboo, the wood chips are called "Jian", the generous wood chips called "Du". You must distinguish one from the other, not wood make are named "Du", what bamboo make named "Jian". Jian has the wooden one, too. Ok, the right side of I there set some inscribed wooden tablets, the middle are heavy inscribed wooden slips. In the left, they are bamboo slips that pressed under the transparent glass. The characters on the bamboo slips and wooden tablets or slips are simple and clear. It’s easily can be distinguished. The script is the transition from Lishu to Regular script.
These kinds of inscribed wooden slips and inscribed wooden tablets are made in shirt woods. The quality of these trees is pre-pressing. It is intact to keep. The raw materials of inscribed bamboo slips is bamboo whose quality is loose, apt and crooked and out of shape, so it in displaying and need press when exhibiting. The ancients have several procedures to make the bamboo slips. First, they cut the bamboo into bamboo slips, and then burnished them in order to make them smooth, these smooth slips called “Jian”. But people could not write on the wet bamboo slips. Then, they roasted dry the wet bamboo slips. While roasting, there was some water steaming out. The water looked like sweet, so people called those “Sweet Qing”or “Sha Qing”.
The “Guo Ling Ding Yang”of Wen Tianxiang said that “Since ancient times, who has no death? Remaining sincere heart to finish ‘Sweet Qing’.
Bamboo Tablets of Wu Kingdom of the Three Kingdoms at Changsha has very strong historical value, article value and scientific value, so the provincial leaders, city leaders and related experts decided to set up an exhibition of bamboo tablets and wooden slips.
女士們,先生們大家好!今天我將帶領大家去參觀號稱“世界第八大奇跡”的秦始皇兵馬俑博物館。秦俑博物館是一個專題性的遺址博物館,是我國封建社會第一位皇帝秦始皇陵的一個陪葬坑。在參觀秦俑博物館之前,我想應該先向大家介紹一下秦始皇這個人。
秦始皇是中國封建社會的創立者,也是一個文武雙全的皇帝。他姓嬴名政,于公元前259年出生于趙國的都城邯鄲。他13歲時就繼承了王位,但是按照當時的制度,他直到22歲的時候才舉行了加冕儀式,開始正式親理國事。他執政以后,經過十年的浴血奮戰,統一了全國,建立了中國歷史上第一個統一的,多民族的,中央集權制的封建王朝——秦朝。為了鞏固政權,加強思想政治領域內的統治,他還設立了郡縣制,廢除了分封制;而且先后在全國范圍內統一了文、貨幣、度量衡、車軌和法律制度。他認為自己功過三皇,德高五帝,又因為是第一個皇帝,所以便自稱為始皇帝。他在統一全國以后,對內發展農桑,對外發展經濟,并且采取遠交近攻的政策,使國力不斷強盛。同時,他為了抵御匈奴的侵擾,還修筑了舉世聞名的萬里長城。在當時,修筑長城是一件勞民傷財的事,但是今天它已成為了中華民族的驕傲。秦始皇身材魁梧,大腹便便,同時也是非常殘忍,暴虐,冷酷無情的。他“焚書坑儒”這一專制舉動,使我國古代文化典籍受到嚴重的摧殘。他為了自己享樂,曾征集了幾十萬刑徒為自己修建了“覆壓三百余里”的阿房宮。但是他到死也沒有住完那里所有的宮殿。他大興土木給人民造成了沉重的負擔,所以歷史上也稱秦始皇為暴君。不過,秦始皇也是非常勤勉的。他曾經五次出巡天下,于公元前2XX年的7月,在出巡途中,暴病死于河北的沙丘,終年50歲。死后葬于驪山腳下的陵墓之中。
秦始皇帝陵南靠驪山,背面與渭水相鄰。驪山風景如畫,綠樹成蔭。據史書記載:“驪山山南多美玉,山北多黃金。”秦始皇正是貪其美名而葬在這里的。現在我們就來到了秦始皇陵,我們看到的這個巨大的封土堆,就是秦陵了。我們現在看到的這個陵墓的規模是相當浩大的,在當時修建這么巨大的一個陵墓,絕對不是一件容易的事。因為驪山的河渠是南北方向流的,為了防止流水沖跨陵墓,將它們都進行了人工改道,改為東西向流;在一個呢,驪山是一座土山,對當時修建秦陵來講,就相當缺乏石料,需要從渭北等地運來。而當時沒有先進的運輸交通工具,這些全部都要靠人力來搬移,可見當時修建這座陵墓的艱難了。在中國古代,帝王陵墓在建設上都遵循“雖死猶生”的思想,因此,秦始皇陵是依照當時秦咸陽宮的規模修建的。經過幾千年的風風雨雨,當時的地面建筑現在已蕩然無存了,我們已經無法領略秦陵的全貌。但是從這里出土的巨型夔紋瓦當可以讓我們想象一下當時地面建筑的雄偉。這個瓦當的直徑是61厘米,相當于一個小圓桌,人們稱它為“瓦當之王”,使用這樣巨大瓦當的宮殿,其規模、氣勢也就可想而知了。當時秦陵地面建筑呈回形內外兩重城垣,占地九傾十八畝,據說是取“久久”之意。陵冢原來高120米,但經過了多年的風雨剝蝕,現在高度僅為46米。陵冢上當時栽有大量的松柏,這是因為當時的人們相信有一種動物叫做魍象,這種動物專門鉆入墓穴之中吃死者的腦髓和肝臟。而松柏散發出來的特殊芳香,使魍象畏懼而不敢前來。因此,當年的秦陵就是一座松柏蒼郁的人工山。那么,秦陵的內部到底埋藏有多少奇珍異寶呢?據《史記》記載:秦陵是“穿三泉,下銅而致槨,宮觀百官,奇器珍怪,徙藏滿之。令匠作機弩矢,有所穿近者輒射之。以水銀為百川江河大海,機相灌輸。上俱天文,下俱地理,以人魚膏為燭,度不滅者久之。”從這樣的一段描述中我們可以得知:秦陵地宮的頂端是用28顆夜明珠組成的天冥星;陵內還有設置著百官座次的殿堂;并且藏滿了各種奇器異寶;還用水銀做了江河湖海以象征天地;用人魚膏點長明燈為了防盜墓;還安裝了能自動發射的暗箭。《史記》中對秦陵的內部只做了一個大致的描述。那么陵內到底有多少的奇珍異寶呢?我們只能等待陵墓發掘的那一天。相信到時候一定會引起全世界考古界的轟動的。
秦陵的地宮現在雖然還沒有發掘,但是已經發掘了秦陵的一個陪葬坑,那就是被譽為“世界第八大奇跡”的秦始皇兵馬俑博物館。秦俑坑是1974年時,由西楊村的幾個農民在抗旱打井時以外發現的。考古學家根據發現時間的先后,把它們編為一、二、三號坑。秦俑坑是秦軍的縮影,它生動的再現了當時秦國兵強馬壯的威武場面。李白在詩中描寫的“秦王掃六合,虎視何雄哉!揮劍決浮云,諸侯盡西來。”即時對秦軍的氣勢作了生動的描寫。我們現在來到的就是一號坑,它是三個俑坑中面積最大的一個。它東西長230米,南北寬62米,深5米,面積14260平方米,相當于兩個足球場的面積。它為坑道式土木建筑結構,在東西兩端各有5個斜坡門道,還有10個2.5米寬的夯土隔墻,隔墻上架有粗大的橫梁,底部都是以青磚墁鋪。一號坑是由步兵和車兵組成的軍陣。所謂軍陣就是部隊在作戰或駐守時的一種排隊的方式。一號坑是以長方陣的排列方式,由前鋒、主體、側翼、后衛四部分組成。我們現在所看到面東而立的就是前鋒部隊。南、北、西端各有一排面外而立的武士俑是側翼和后衛,他們是為了防止敵人旁敲側擊和從背后偷襲。中間有38路面東而立的縱隊,是由步兵和騎兵組成,構成了整個軍陣的主體。從這里也體現了古代兵書中所講的“前后整齊,四方為繩”的軍陣。《孫子兵法》中曾經講到,古代兵陣布陣的一個重要原則就是“前鋒必銳,整體必宏。”他把一個軍陣比喻成一把劍,如果一個軍陣沒有精銳的前鋒,那么這個軍陣就像是一把無鋒的劍,便失去了殺傷力,可見前鋒部隊的重要了。
我們現在所看到的就是一號坑的前鋒部隊。它一共是3排,每排70件,共210件。這些兵俑手中都持有強弓勁弩,都是以驍勇善戰而著稱于世的。他們在作戰時都不戴頭盔。頭盔本來是作戰時的一種最基本的防護裝備,但是秦國軍隊規定一律不準戴頭盔。所以歷史上稱他們為“科頭”。由于“科頭”不戴頭盔便敢殺入敵陣,史籍上也稱他們為“科頭銳士”。從這些“科頭銳士”的身上我們可以看到當時秦軍的勇猛和善戰了。
在一號坑以北20米處,是秦始皇兵馬俑的二號坑。它的平面呈曲尺形,面積為6000多平方米,是由步兵、騎兵、車兵和混和兵種組成的軍陣。他一共由四個小的單元構成。這四個單元可以有機的構成一個大的軍陣,也可以分開成四個獨立的小的軍陣。它能攻能守,反應迅速,自我保護力強,可以說是當時世界上反應最快速的一支部隊。在二號坑中出土了大量的陶俑,其中有將軍俑、跪射俑、立射俑、騎兵俑、鞍馬俑等。我們現在所看到的就是一個從二號坑中出土的將軍俑。將軍在軍隊中具有特殊的身份,所以他處處顯得與眾不同。將軍俑頭戴雙卷尾長冠,冠帶在頸下結繩并下垂胸前。將軍俑所戴的冠叫“ 冠”冠上兩邊本來插有兩支黑色的 尾,因為據說 是一種性情勇猛、善斗的鳥。將軍俑身穿雙重戰袍,戰袍外面的鎧甲形制特殊。雙肩及前后胸用彩綢扎成的花結,象征我們現在所說的軍工章。這個將軍俑胸前佩帶著兩朵花結,就表明他曾經立了兩次功。他所穿的鎧甲以肚臍眼為界,肚臍以上是上片壓下片;肚臍以下是下片壓上片。這樣是為了彎腰方便,便于指揮作戰。這個將軍俑的腹部微微隆起,說明秦軍中將軍的待遇還是相當好的,也反應了早在秦代時,男子就有了將軍肚。這也就是將軍肚的起源了。從這個將軍額頭上深深的皺紋可以看出,他是一位久經沙場鍛煉的指揮官.他手指前方,仿佛正在指揮千軍萬馬如何作戰。
現在我們看到的這個騎兵俑和鞍馬俑也出土于秦兵馬俑的2號坑。這個騎兵俑的裝束與車兵俑和步兵俑有著明顯的區別。他頭戴著一頂形制講究的小皮帽,在帽子兩側還帶扣,緊系于頜下,他身著胡服,這種服飾的特點就是胸部右側開叉。騎兵俑身披短而小的鎧甲,肩上并沒有披護,手上也沒有護甲。下身穿一件小皮裙。騎兵俑特殊的裝束完全是從騎兵作戰的需要而設計的,這樣有便于騎士上下馬方便。古代對于騎兵的挑選有著嚴格的標準,不亞于我們現在挑選飛行員。秦時明文規定,騎兵的身高必須在1.73米以上,體重不得超過75公斤,年齡也要在40歲以下,同時要體質強健,反應機警,行動敏捷。這個騎兵俑符合了當時選拔的標準。秦代對戰馬的選擇也是有規定的,要求戰馬的高度必須達到1.33米,這一鞍馬正好符合了這個標準。它耳若削竹,看起來非常機警;眼若懸鈴;粗大的鼻孔和發達的胸肌表明這匹馬善于奔跑;從它微張的嘴唇可看出,它共有6顆牙齒,說明它當時正處于青壯年時期。在陶馬背上雕有鞍墊,鞍的兩端微微揚起。以前人們認為馬鞍的出現始于西漢時期,但秦俑坑陶馬鞍的發現就說明我國在秦代時已使用馬鞍了。陶馬鞍的出現使騎兵的雙手得以解放,有效的增強了騎兵的戰斗力。有人說東方藝術講究群體美,而西方藝術追求個體美,秦俑的美在于它的氣勢和它的群體美。其實秦俑并不知是講究博大,它對個體形象的塑造也是細致入微的。秦俑不僅面部表情各異,而且小到手指紋都刻劃的非常精細。
各位來賓:
大家好,歡迎大家來到張裕酒文化博物館。
馳名中外的名產-----張裕葡萄酒!大家要了解中國葡萄酒生產的歷史和風俗,老張裕無疑是第一勝地,在咱們現在就去參觀張裕酒文化博物館。
張裕公司創辦于清光緒年。它是真正中國民族工業的驕傲。
祖籍廣東的張弼士先生,他在煙臺東山,西山購地近千畝,從歐洲及國內各地,引進了優質葡萄品種120多個,并與笨的葡萄品種實行嫁接,獲得了成功。為了釀成優質的葡萄酒,張弼士先生多方尋訪優秀的釀酒師,他的遠見卓識和開放意識,感動了奧地利駐煙臺領事巴保,擔任了張裕的釀酒師,成為張裕歷史上一段佳話。同時,張先生又以巨資從歐洲購進了大批橡木酒桶,修建了譽滿中外的地下大酒窖,窖上建了三層樓房,成為當時煙臺最引人注目的建筑。
國際葡萄 葡萄酒局,對張裕公司在發展葡萄和葡萄酒事業上作出的出色貢獻,給與了高度評價,并頒發給我市一枚“1987國際葡萄和葡萄酒年“榮譽紀念證章。國際葡萄 葡萄酒局局長羅伯特 丁洛特先生說”全世界被授予“國際葡萄酒城“稱號的城市到1987年底已有40哥,而獲榮譽證章的到現在只有2個,張裕的產品完全可以喝世界名牌相媲美。。。。。“好了,咱們已經來到了張裕酒文化博物館,關于張裕的情況先介紹到這里。
好了,現在請大家隨我一同前往博物館的大廳參觀,我們邊走邊談一下張裕公司及博物館的現狀。張裕公司現在已發展成為以葡萄酒釀造為主,裕品牌目前為中國葡萄酒行業第一品牌,現在我們所看的博物館始建于1992年。該館由清華大學規劃設計。該館形式新穎,內容豐富,史料詳實,堪稱行業博物館之精品。我們走進的這個大廳是個綜合大廳。它以三塊浮雕的形式向大家展示不同歷史時期,影響張裕發展的重大事件及重要人物,請大家隨我一同參觀。
這就是張裕公司的創始人,著名的愛國華僑張弼士先生。由于家鄉受災,他18歲時只身遠走南洋,先后從事過建筑,礦物,船運,藥材,等產業,逐步發跡。被人們稱為億萬富翁。
旁邊這位是張弼士先生的親侄子張成卿。他是張裕公司的首任總經理,并兼土木工程師,翻譯等數職。
那位是晚清著名的戊戌變法領導人之一——康有為先生。他先后于1917年和1927年兩次來訪公司,并留下兩手詩詞。這一首詩是他1927年來訪時留下的。感興趣的話,大家可以閱讀一下。
這位是張裕公司聘請的獸人外國酒師巴保先生。他出身于奧匈帝國的釀酒世家,為公司工作了18年,19xx年因歐戰爆發被召回國。
這位是酒師張子章先生。巴保先生歸國后,張子章先生擔任公司酒師職務。他也是中國第一代葡萄酒師的代表之一。
這位是徐望之先生。20世紀30年代時任中國銀行煙臺支行行長。1934年1938年間擔任張裕公司總經理。在他任職期間特別重視先進技術及優秀人才的引進,他是張裕歷史轉折時期的重要人物,關于他們幾位的情況后面還有詳細介紹。 請大家繼續參觀第二塊浮雕,這邊請。這幅圖案主要表現的是張裕公司在19xx年巴拿馬太平洋萬國博覽會上的獲獎證書。在這次盛會上,張裕公司的白蘭地,味美思,雷司令,紅葡萄酒獲得金質獎章。由此,張裕公司的科涅克白蘭地改稱為“金獎白蘭地“。
這位是著名的民主革命先驅——孫中山先生。他19xx年來訪公司,并為公司親筆題詞“品重醴泉“。它主要包含兩層含義,既藏樣了張弼士先生實業報國,愛國興邦的崇高人品,又肯定了張裕美酒的優良品質。
這是張裕百年地下大酒窖。一會兒,您可以親自到酒窖中體味它的傳奇色彩。 這第三塊浮雕式1992年在張裕公司百年大慶前視察公司,并為公司親題“滄浪欲有詩味,醞釀才能芬芳“。既贊揚了張裕有豐富的企業文化和一流的產品,又揭示了百年張裕質量第一的經營之道。
由于張裕公司對工作及世界葡萄酒業的巨大貢獻,1987年,國際葡萄 葡萄酒局命名張裕公司所在地煙臺市為“國際葡萄 葡萄酒城“,這是當時酒局居住哪個羅伯特 丁格特先生正在向俞振聲市長頒發城徽的照片。
這個商標就是張裕公司的注冊商標,它是同行業中第一個全國馳名商標。 大家請看這邊的環形區域,它記錄的是張裕公司從1892年建廠至今,這1XX年來發生的大事記,對面兩塊銅板上記錄的是公司歷屆主要領導人的姓名及任期。您感興趣的話,一揮兒作自由活動時,可以過去看一下,現在請大家隨我繼續參觀歷史廳。
歷史廳主要是以圖片及實物的形式,想大家講述張裕公司從建廠初期到新中國成立這一時期的發展歷史。
這個模型是張裕百年大酒窖地剖面模型。您可以在這看一下,待會再到大酒窖中親身感受他地神奇。現在請各位朋友隨我繼續參觀影視廳。
影視廳主要是以投影地形式介紹張裕公司地企業文化,以及產品地生產工藝流程等情況。您可以坐在這欣賞一段我們為您播放地影片。
請大家繼續隨我參觀現代廳。現代廳主要向大家展示地是張裕公司在新中國成立以后,特別是改革開放以來所取得地成就及發展情況。
這塊展板介紹地是新中國成立后來到張裕公司視察地領導人及來訪時間。 這是一臺投幣自動釀酒機,您在這邊投一枚3元硬幣,在那邊就可以取到一杯芳香醇厚地白蘭地。它主要演示地是張裕公司白蘭地地生產工藝流程。大家可以親自嘗試一下。這四臺背投電視主要是介紹張裕公司干紅,干白,起泡酒,三鞭酒地生產工藝流程。
好了,請大家繼續參觀畫廳。這里主要韓式地是來訪地名人留下地墨寶,有康有為,張學良,劉海粟,吳青霞,歐陽中石,啟功等名家大家。張裕公司共有300多副名人墨寶,這里僅展示出30多幅,愛好書法地朋友可以仔細揣摩一下。
現在我們來到地是珍品廳,這里主要展示地是張裕公司獲得的獎牌,獎章,獎狀,獎杯,證書等榮譽證章,以及國內外友人饋贈地實物,還有黨和國家領導人地題詞。 現在請大家自由參觀,然后我們去參觀地下酒窖。
請大家隨我下去看看。各位朋友請注意腳下,這個螺旋式地樓梯比較陡,共有41級,請大家注意安全。樓梯建成這個樣子,是為了保持窖內地溫度。這個酒窖曾是遠東最大地地下酒窖,距今已有1XX年地歷史了。酒窖使用面積1976平方米,深7米,低于海平面1米,一個世紀了,仍然 沒有滲漏,而室內溫度常年保持在12度到18度,也就是說酒窖是恒溫地,為了葡萄酒地釀制提供了理想的條件。這個酒窖地修建被中外建筑學界譽為建筑史上地一個奇跡。
這里一共有八個拱洞,如今酒窖中的橡木酒桶還如當年那樣陳列著,其中100多年地酒桶還有100多個,是建窖之時從國外進口地,其他地不論大小,都是20世紀50年代后期制造地。這里地拱洞交錯連環,有如迷宮,無人指點難以找到出口。
我們現在看到地是8號洞,這個洞中主要存放公司有代表性地年份酒,及儲存瓶式發酵地產品。接下來地是7號洞,大家可以注意看一下,每個大木桶地端面上都有編號。、大家往上看,上面有一個木塞,塞住了桶口,裝酒,倒酒地時候,都要通過這個桶口。大家也看到了,這些桶這么大,人工倒酒,裝酒很不方便,那么,工人們采用地是什么辦法呢?——酒泵輸送!地上有一根管子,大家看到了吧?窖頂上有一個個小方洞,倒酒,裝酒地時候,拿下塞子,連接酒泵地管子從洞口伸進桶里就可以了。為什么用橡木桶呢?因為酒本來是沒有顏色和香味地,用橡木桶裝了一段時間后,就有了與橡木相同的香氣和顏色了。在這呆了這么久,大家一定聞到了一股怪味,這是酒地酸味!據說因為這種酒味有保健作用,所以常年在酒窖地工作人員不容易感冒。
各位朋友,在酒窖中間地這三個大桶,是1894年制成地,每個桶容量足有15噸左右,是我國最大地,最早地橡木桶,也是亞洲最大地橡木桶,人們習慣地稱讓他們為“桶王”。他們是建廠初期用從國外購進地橡木板材并在窖內制成地,其桶齡距今已有百年。在19xx年巴拿馬太平洋玩過博覽會獲金獎地產品,就是在這三個大桶中釀造出來地。
大家可能要問,酒窖中會不會有老鼠呢?絕對不會!因為酒窖按不同的季節殺菌,每年地7 ,8, 9月為梅雨季節,每月殺菌一次,主要用硫磺,煙熏和殺蟲藥噴。
這是5號拱洞,現在把它開辟稱酒吧,專供來賓及游客品酒之用。您可以坐下來親自品味張裕美酒。不過各位可別忘記品酒時,要先觀其色,其次嗅其香,再次品其味,這樣才能品出張裕真正地味道來。經過這道旋轉樓梯之后,我們又回到了大廳。
各位朋友,整個博物館地參觀就到此結束了,現在給大家半個小時地活動時間。半個小時后,我們在門口集合。