三孔導游詞(精選31篇)
三孔導游詞 篇1
尊敬的各位游客:
大家好!歡迎來到圣地曲阜!我是你們的導游陳柯潤,大家叫我小陳就可以了。今天,就由我來帶領你們游覽中外聞名的三孔:孔府、孔廟、孔林。孔子有句名言:“有朋自遠方來,不亦樂乎?” 我有幸擔任導游,十分高興!我將盡力為大家服好務,如有不足之處,請指出來,我一定盡量改正!
進入孔府的大門,由此向后分為三路,東路建有一貫堂、慕思堂等;西路是孔府當年接待貴賓和讀書習禮的地方,有忠恕堂、安懷堂、花廳等; 中路大部分都是孔府的主要建筑,前半部分是官衙,后半部分是內宅。
孔廟本是孔氏家庭的家廟,廟內有孔子親手栽種的檜樹,主要建筑是大成殿,殿前有著名的九龍柱和杏壇,后因為孔子受到尊崇,許多封建帝王都到這里來祭祀孔子,現在,我們濟寧市政府舉辦的一年一度的“國際孔子文化節”也都是在這里揭開序幕。
孔林是孔子家里的專用墓地,也是世界上歷時最久、規模最大的家庭墓地,占地3000多畝。林中有數百種樹木10萬多株,在萬木掩映之中,碑石林立,石像成群,十分壯觀!
好啦,現在開始自由活動三個小時,大家可以自由參觀一下,也可以做游戲、購物等,但必須保證衛生,不能亂扔垃圾。
參觀三孔的活動至此結束,謝謝大家對我工作的支持!期待大家的再次光臨!
三孔導游詞 篇2
歡迎來到曲阜。曲阜是我國古代偉大的思想家、政治家、教育家孔子的故鄉,全國首批公布的24個歷史文化名城之一。孔子有句名言:“有朋自遠方來,不亦樂乎。”今天,我有幸為各位擔任導游,十分高興。我將盡力為大家提供滿意的服務,不足之處,請批評指正。
曲阜概況在參觀“三孔”之前,請允許我把曲阜概況介紹一下:
曲阜地處魯中山區和魯西南平原的交界處,北依泰山,南引嶧山,東連沂蒙群山,西俯千疇平原。地勢東高西低,境內泗河、沂河等河流均自東向西流淌,自古就有“圣人門前倒流水”之說。物產豐富,景色宜人。大詩人李白曾描寫曲阜:“笑夸故人指絕境,山光水色青如蘭”。
曲阜歷史悠久,早在五六千年前,我們的祖先就在這里繁衍生息,創造了人類早期的文明。不少古籍中,還有炎帝、少吳徙都于曲阜,黃帝生于壽丘(曲阜城東8里處),舜于壽丘作什器的記載。可見,中國遠古時代最有影響的三皇五帝中就有四人在曲阜留下了蹤跡。盡管這是傳說,但也并不是毫無根據的。從境內保存下來的.20余處大汶口文化和龍山文化遺址中仍可見到我們的祖先征服自然的遺跡。 “曲阜”一名最早見于禮記。東漢應劭解釋說:“魯城東有阜,委曲長七八里,故名曲阜。”商代前期,曲阜名奄,是商王朝的重要屬國。周代自“封周公于曲阜”800余年,曲阜為魯國都城,是當時我國一個重要的政治、經濟、文化中心。春秋時期,孔子首創私人講學之風,“弟子三千,賢者七十有二”遍及全國各地,又成了當時的教育中心。魯國是曲阜歷史上的黃金時期,以“禮儀之邦”著稱于世,故山東省現仍沿用“魯”作為簡稱。公元前249年,楚滅魯,置魯縣,秦代屬薛郡,西漢時為魯國都,魏晉南北朝時為魯郡治。隋開皇十六年(596年),首定曲阜為縣名。宋代改稱仙源縣,金代恢復曲阜縣名至今。1986年撤縣制,始稱曲阜市。現面積為890平方公里,人口60余萬。
悠久的歷史,燦爛的文化,給曲阜留下了大量的文物古跡,主要的有110余處,其中孔廟、孔府、孔林及魯國故城遺址被列為全國首批公布的重點文物保護單位,另有11處列為全省重要文物保護單位。“三孔”還于1994年被聯合國列為世界文化遺產。
新中國建立后,特別是黨的十一屆三中全會以來,黨和國家領導人對曲阜的文物古跡十分關注,國家先后撥款3000多萬元對“三孔”進行了全面修茸。近年來,為了大力發展旅游事業,曲阜又相繼開發建設了孔子六藝城、論語碑苑、魯國盛世華夏文化城等一批新的旅游景點,形成了人文與自然景觀,新老景點渾然一體,相映生輝的旅游資源新格局,成為中外游人向往的文化旅游勝地。
孔廟的第一座石坊叫“金聲玉振坊”。孟子對孔子曾有過這樣的評價,他說:“孔子之謂集大成,集大成者,金聲而玉振之也”。“金聲、玉振”表示奏樂的全過程,以擊鐘開始,以擊磐告終,比喻孔子的思想集古圣先賢之大成。石坊上面蓮花寶座上各刻有一個獨角怪獸稱“辟邪”,也叫“朝天吼”,這是封建社會王爵府第才可使用的飾物。
孔廟第一道門叫“欞星門”。“欞星”又名天田星,古人祭天,先要祭欞星。“欞星門”三個字為乾隆所書。“太和元氣”坊同“金聲玉振”坊差不多,題字為明代山東巡撫曾銑手書,贊頌孔子思想如同天地生育萬物。此院東西各有一座腰門,東邊上書“德侔天地一樣大,他的學說古今來說都是最好的”。這座門叫“圣時門”,由此住里,有博大精深、深不可測之感。“圣時”二字,取孟子.萬章下,“孔子,圣之時者也”句,意思是說,在圣人之中,孔子是最適合時代者。
過圣時門迎面小石橋,叫“璧水橋”,橋兩側偏南各有一座門,東門叫“快睹門”,是先睹為快的意思,西門叫“仰高門”贊頌孔子的學問十分高深。我們進入的大門,稱“弘道門”,這三個字取自論語.衛星公“人能弘道”的句子,以此來贊頌孔子闡發了堯舜湯和文武周公之“道”。這道門也是明朝洪武十年(1377年)時孔廟的大
三孔導游詞 篇3
暑假,我和爸爸到山東曲阜旅游,曲阜因是孔子的故鄉而格外出名。孔子是偉大的教育家、政治家、思想家,他的主要教育思想“有教無類”綿延數千年,影響著每一個中國人乃至東方人。在一個萬里晴空的下午,我們滿懷敬意,專程游覽了曲阜“三孔”景區,即孔廟、孔府、孔林。
我們首先參觀了孔廟。這是后人為紀念和祭祀孔子而修建的廟宇。孔廟建筑壯麗,歷史悠久,保存完好。走近孔廟,我看見城門上有著“萬仞宮墻”四個大字,原來這是乾隆皇帝為了顯示自己對孔子的崇敬之情而親筆題寫的。古代的“仞”是一個長度單位,等于八尺。據說,人們稱贊孔子的弟子子貢很有學問,而子貢卻說:“人學到的知識好比宮墻,我的學問只有墻頭那么高,而我的老師孔子這道墻卻有數仞。”孔廟給我印象最深的還是那個馱著碑的動物了,它長得像烏龜卻并不是烏龜,它是龍的兒子,叫“赑屃”。許多人到了孔廟都會來摸摸這個赑屃,他們說:“摸摸赑屃的頭,一輩子不犯愁;摸摸赑屃的腚,一輩子不生病。”我也入鄉隨俗,將赑屃摸了個遍。
接下來,我們參觀了孔府,這是孔子嫡系子孫居住的府第。我看見大門上寫著“圣府”二字,旁邊還寫著一幅妙趣橫生的對聯,上聯是“與國咸休安富尊榮公府第”,下聯是“同天并老文章道德圣人家”,我發現這里有兩個錯字,“富”字少寫一個點,“章”字的'那一豎通到了“立”字頭。原來啊,“富”少一點表示“富不到頂”,“章”那一豎代表“文章通天”,多有趣呀!接著我們來到了“大堂”,這是宣讀皇上圣旨、接見官員、審理重大案子、舉行重大儀式的地方;二堂也是后廳,是接見四品以上官員的地方;三堂,也叫退廳,是處理家庭事務的地方。我最喜歡的還是孔府的后花園,那比北京故宮的面積還要大呢!這里有奇花異草,許多參天大樹,有“五柏抱槐”,太湖石假山等等。
最后,我們來到孔林,這是孔子及其家族的墓地。這里風景秀美,有參天古樹,綠草茵茵,這兒曾經有著小橋流水,但隨著時間流逝,橋下本來流淌的小溪干枯了。走進孔林,就像走進了空調房一樣,非常涼爽。孔子墓就在孔林的中心,墓上刻著“大成至圣文宣王墓”,好多人專門來到孔子墓前緬懷這位圣人。
啊,“三孔”真是個巨大的文化博物館,我們這樣游覽只能算是走馬觀花,我多么希望下次再到曲阜來細細參觀呀!
三孔導游詞 篇4
山東曲阜是孔子的故鄉,山東曲阜的孔廟、孔府、孔林是我國歷代紀念孔子的圣地,統稱“三孔”。孔夫子生前在此開壇授學,首創儒家文化,而其子孫后代也在此生活繁衍,傳承著孔子的文化思想。1994年,“三孔”被聯合國列入《世界遺產名錄》。
山東曲阜“三孔”中的孔廟、孔府都坐落在市中心,孔林則位于城北。孔廟是國內最大的祭祀孔子的廟宇,它是在孔子的故居上改建而成的,可謂全世界孔廟的始祖;孔府曾是數百年來孔子嫡系長期居住的地方,它的規模在國內僅次于故宮;孔林則是孔子及其家族后裔的墓地。
孔廟,公元前478年始建,后不斷擴建,至今成為一處占地327公頃(1公頃=10^4平方米)的古建筑群,包括三殿、一閣、一壇、三祠、兩廡、兩堂、兩齋、十七亭與五十四門坊,氣勢宏偉、巨碑林立,堪稱宮殿之城。
孔府,建于宋代,是孔子嫡系子孫居住之地,西與孔廟毗鄰,占地約16公頃,共有九進院落,有廳、堂、樓、軒463間,舊稱“衍圣公府”。
孔林,亦稱“至圣林”,是孔子及其家族的專用墓地,林墻周長7千米,內有古樹2萬多株,是一處古老的人造園林。
三孔導游詞 篇5
各位朋友,在中國,在東方這片有著五千年文明歷史的土地上,你也許讀不懂青銅器上的銘文,也許不理解人頭獸身表現什么,象征什么。但是,當你走進中國人民的生活,行走在中華民族繁衍生息、勞動創造的古老土地上,你就能感受到、接觸到中國人民在日常生活中流露出來的儒家文化的氣息,你便能由此體驗到中國人民與其他民族迥然不同的生活方式、風土人情和理想道德的差異。無論你從哪個角度,哪個層次去探究中華民族的個性與品格,都不難發現儒家文化的基因,在漫長的歷史演進過程中,儒家文化幾乎成了中國傳統文化的代名詞。而儒家文化的創始人,就是孔子。
孔子,春秋時代魯國人,也就是曲阜人,名丘,字仲尼,生于公元前551年,死于公元前479年,享年73歲。孔子3歲時,父親叔梁紇去世,16歲時,母親顏征在去世,少年孔子成了孤兒,開始了他在等級森嚴的封建社會中獨自謀生、學習和奮斗的一生。
孔子少年發奮自學,勤而好問,青年時代便掌握了參與貴族政治必須熟悉的禮、樂、射、御、書、數六藝,進而掌握了《詩》、《書》、《禮》、《樂》、《易》、《春秋》六經的內容,為創立儒家文化奠定了基礎。
孔子30歲設學授徒,開始了漫長的教育生涯,他首開中國私人講學、面向民眾,提倡“有教無類”之風,成為中國第一位,也是世界上第一位偉大的教育家。
孔子51歲時,才做了中都縣令,后來曾在魯攝相事,然而時間不長,他便辭了官,離開魯國開始了他長達20xx年的周游列國之行。
孔子在68歲時回到魯國,他把幾乎全部精力放在了教學和文獻整理上,一直到死。孔子的一生是顛沛流離,飽經憂患的一生,是艱苦卓絕、激勵奮發的一生,是春風化雨,培育英才的一生,是著書立說,濟時救世的一生。如今,他的軀體雖已灰飛煙滅,但他的思想,卻潛入每個東方人的心靈,他熔鑄了中華民族的個性和品格,隨著歷史的發展和社會的進步,孔子還將引導著人類,跨向21世紀。
曲阜的文物古跡和旅游景點很多,大部分與孔子和孔子文化有關。現在我們所在的位置是曲阜明故城的正南門外,城門的北面是被稱為中國三大古建筑群之一的孔廟。城門的正上方有“萬仞宮墻”4個大字。“仞”是古代的長度單位,一仞約等于8尺。據說,有人稱贊孔子的弟子子貢很有學問,子貢聽說以后,就說:“人的學問好比宮墻,我的學問只有墻頭這么高,人們一看便會看見墻內的一切,而我的老師孔子的這道墻有數仞,不找到它的門是不能看到墻內宗廟之美麗、房舍的多種多樣”。后人為表達對孔子的敬仰,明代胡纘宗就寫了“萬仞宮墻”4個字鑲在城門上,清代乾隆皇帝為了顯示自己對孔子的崇拜,又把胡碑取下,換上了自己寫的“萬仞宮墻”4個大字。這就是“萬仞宮墻”的來歷。
孔廟是后人為祭祀孔子而修建的廟宇,始建于孔子死后第2年。面積有327.5畝,仿皇宮之制,分九進院落,左右對稱排列,整個建筑群共有五殿、一閣、一壇、兩廡、兩堂、17座碑亭、54座門坊共466間,南北長約1公里。孔廟恢宏壯麗,面積之大,歷史之久,保存之完整,是世界建筑史上的唯一孤例。
三孔導游詞 篇6
佛教自漢代傳入中國,至隋唐時代達到鼎盛,其間,大體經歷了佛教經典在中國大量傳播、佛教文化與中國傳統文化逐步融合以及建立中國化的佛教宗派這樣幾個發展階段。在這幾個階段,都顯示出由山西出家的著名高僧的歷史貢獻,其中最為杰出的代表人物是法顯、慧遠、曇鸞等幾位高僧。
法顯是東晉時杰出的佛經翻譯家和旅行家。俗姓龔,平陽武陽(今臨汾市西南)人,平民出身。他的三個哥哥都在童年夭折,父母唯恐他不能成人,在三歲時就送他到佛寺當了沙彌(小和尚),希冀依靠“神佛”的保拓,免除夭折之難。法顯從小對佛很虔誠,20歲時受了“大戒”,信仰更加堅定,行為更加嚴謹,眾僧稱譽他“志行明敏,儀軌整肅”(《高僧傳·法顯傳》)。
法顯生于南北分裂、社會 動蕩的東晉十六國時代,佛教在北方廣泛流行。當時,北方地區先后建立起眾多少數民族政權,他們與漢民族隔閡很深,尤其是在思想信仰上,漢族信奉儒家教義,認為“佛,外國之神,非諸華所應祠奉”;他們則主張“佛是戎神,所應兼奉”(見《晉書·佛圖澄傳》),把佛看作是自己民族的宗教。因此,為了從思想上統治漢族廣大民眾,他們大力宣揚佛教,政治上扶植佛教發展。如石勒建立的后趙國百姓,在印度高僧佛圖澄的宣傳下,“多奉佛,皆營造寺廟、相競出家”(見《晉書·佛圖澄傳》)。但是,佛教的迅速發展也帶來不少混亂。主要是僧人受統治者支持享有特權,于是“真偽混淆,多生愆過”(見《晉書·佛圖澄傳》),出現大量不法行為,引起民眾不滿,嚴重削弱了佛教;同時,佛教自身的規章制度,尤其是戒律也很不健全,當時雖有不少西域僧人翻譯的佛經在中國流傳,但很不系統,且多是口授相傳,輾轉流行,不免訛誤增損,而戒律的翻譯又極為缺乏。戒律的松弛和僧人特權的加大,更造成佛教界的混亂。
這種狀況,對于正直篤信的法顯來說,是不能容忍的。為了保衛佛教的純潔性,以利于佛教的發展,他決心西行印度,到佛教發源地找回完整的戒律,由此建立一套維持僧眾團體及僧眾個人的規章制度,作為佛教團體和個人的行為準則。于是,東晉隆安三年( 399),法顯與同學數人從長安出發,“至天竺尋求戒律”(法顯《佛國記》,又名《法顯傳》),登上了西向印度取經的征途。
法顯從長安出發時已是65歲高齡,他們一行數人,西經戈壁,越蔥嶺,周游天竺,后經印度洋到山東半島登陸,最后回到東晉都城建康(今南京市)。在外歷時20xx年,歷經30多個國家,包括今日我國的西北和阿富汗、克什米爾、巴基斯坦、印度、尼泊爾、斯里蘭卡、印度尼西亞以及我國南海、東南沿海等地,歸來時已是80歲老人。他是當時中國走得最遠的`人,“漢之張騫、甘英皆不至此”(《佛國記》)。
法顯在印度刻苦勤學掌握了梵文梵語,把大量口傳佛典記錄下來帶回中國,歸來后,又親自譯成漢文,從此,中國內地佛經結束了西域的中轉,直接溝通了東方的兩個文明發源地,中國佛教更系統地發展起來了。同時,法顯撰寫的《佛國記》不僅是一部佛教典籍,在中國佛教史上具有重大意義,而且也是我國最早記錄中亞、印度、南洋各國歷史、地理、科學、藝術和文化的偉大旅游撰著。唐代高僧義凈指出:“自古神州大地,輕生殉法之賓。(法)顯法師則創辟荒途,(玄)奘法師乃中開正路。”(轉引自靳生禾:《旅行家法顯》,第19頁)就是說,法顯是我國西天取經的開山大師,唐代玄奘進一步開拓了取經道路;而且,法顯的《佛國記》也可以同玄奘的《大唐西域記》相與媲美。
由山西出家的另一位著名高僧慧遠,在使佛教文化與中國傳統文化相融合方面做出了杰出的歷史貢獻。
慧遠也是東晉時高僧,本姓賈,雁門樓煩(今寧武縣附近)人,出身士大夫家庭。“年十三,隨舅令狐氏游學許、洛,故少為諸生,博綜六經,尤善老莊”(《高僧傳·慧遠傳》)。說明慧遠少年時代主要學習儒家經典,對當時流行的道家老、莊思想也很精通,但還未形成確定的志向。東晉永和十年( 354),慧遠21歲,深慕江東范宣子,便偕同其弟一道“欲渡江東”,拜師從學,因北方戰亂,道路不通,未能如愿。這時,正值高僧道安在太行恒山(今河北省阜平縣北)立寺傳教,“聲甚著聞”,他又與其弟“遂往歸之”。聽了道安講經說法后,十分敬佩,驚嘆說:“真吾師也!”認為以前十分喜愛的“儒道九流,皆糠比耳”,毅然與其弟削發出家于道安門下。“常欲總攝綱維,以大法為己任,精思諷持,以夜繼晝”,深為道安賞識, 24歲便開講佛經(見《高僧傳·慧遠傳》)。從此,終生皈依佛門,堅定了自己的人生道路。
東晉太元六年( 381),48歲的慧遠來到廬山,深感“廬峰清靜,足以息心”,便在這幽靜秀麗的廬山定居下來,開始了他富有特色的傳教生涯,從此足不出山,直至83歲逝世(見《出三藏記集·慧遠傳》)。慧遠在廬山的活動主要分三個方面:
一是著書立說,闡釋佛理,宣揚佛法。他一生“所著論、序、銘、贊、詩、書,集為十卷,五十余篇”(《高僧傳·慧遠傳》),絕大多數作于廬山。通過著書立說,形成了他的以佛教義理為核心,又廣泛吸收儒、道各家學說的中國化的佛教思想。他明確主張“內外之道,可合而明”(《沙門不敬王者論》),儒、釋、道三教思想可以融合一體。在東晉,一再發生過關于沙門(佛門)該不該禮敬帝王的爭論,其實質也就是佛教與中國傳統禮教的關系或者說佛教在中國是否合法的爭論。為此,他寫下了《答桓大尉書》、《沙門不敬王者論》等名篇,一方面主張在家信徒(居士)必須遵從世俗,禮敬君親,盡忠盡孝;另一方面,出家僧人又必須保持佛門的獨立性,不禮敬君親,無所謂忠孝。他指出,從表面看,沙門不敬君親是“內乖天底之情”,“外闕奉主之恭”,違反了封建禮教,但這樣可以使沙門以其高尚其志的榜樣影響民眾,從根本上維護了統治者的最高利益。總之,“道法之與名教,如來之與堯孔,發致雖殊,潛相影響;出處誠異,終期則同”(《沙門不敬王者論》)。佛教信仰與封建禮教不過是殊途同歸,終極目的是一致的。這樣,慧遠通過融合儒、釋、道思想,從理論上闡明了佛教文化與傳統文化的一致性,不但成功地解決了關于沙門是否禮敬王者的爭論,而且也保證了佛教在中國的合法地位,從而在佛教中國化的道路上邁開了決定性的第一步。
慧遠在廬山的又一主要活動是建立僧團,壯大佛教勢力。他培養組織了一個聲名遠播的廬山僧團及居士群,從而使廬山成為當時中國佛教的兩大中心之一。另一個中心是印度僧人鳩摩羅什所在的長安,是主要的譯經中心;慧遠在廬山除譯經傳法之外,則努力使佛教中國化。同時,僧團周圍還有以上層社會名流為主體的居士群,它是慧遠與世俗世界聯系的紐帶,既能溝通上層統治階級,又避免了僧侶奔走官府而引起人們的厭惡心理,也有效地壯大了佛教的勢力。
慧遠的另一主要活動是廣泛接觸社會,擴大佛教影響。他居于廬山30余年,雖然“影不出山,跡不入俗”(《高僧傳·慧遠傳》),但并沒有絕離塵世,而是不分華夷南北,朝野順逆,皆與交往,對誰也不親不疏。從地方官員到朝廷重臣,從著名文學家、道土到農民起義軍首領。舉凡來訪者,無不廣泛結交。而且,居于統治階層的上層人物,大多數是主動與慧遠結交的。慧遠以其超然出世的態度,周旋于復雜的政治 斗爭之間,并贏得雙方的尊重,這樣不但擴大了佛教對社會的影響,而且通過廣泛接觸上層人物,也使佛教進一步獲得了統治者的支持。
與此同時,慧遠還從理論上結合道家“以無為本”的出世主義,宣揚佛教的因果報應說,并把中國傳統思想中的命運主宰權從天、上帝、鬼神手中奪回,交給每個人的“心’,引導人們從主體自身內部加強修養,積德行善,提倡通過念佛投生西方凈土,從而對中國佛教凈土宗思想的產生起了先導作用,也因此,唐宋以后的一些凈土宗僧人尊奉慧遠為中國凈土宗初祖。
繼法顯、慧遠之后,由山西出家的又一位著名高僧是曇鸞,他對中國凈土宗的形成起了直接促進作用,可以說是凈土宗的實際開創者。“北方大宏凈土念佛之業者,實為北魏之曇鸞,故常推為凈土教之初祖”(湯用彤:《魏晉南北朝佛教史》下冊)。
曇鸞是北魏雁門(今山西代縣)人,他“家近五臺山,聞其神跡靈怪,幼即往尋之,便出家”(《續高僧傳·曇鸞傳》),可見他是在幼年時代懷著對佛教的神奇向往而出家為僧的。出家之后,“廣讀經籍,尤研四論與佛性”(《續高僧傳·曇鸞傳》)。一方面廣讀博覽佛教經書和儒道典籍,同時更深入鉆研鳩摩羅什所譯的大乘佛教中觀派的四種基本著作《中論》、《十二門論》、《百論》、《大智度論》和有關佛性的學說。
曇鸞于南朝梁大通元年( 527)來到建康(今南京市),曾與梁武帝談論佛性,很受梁武帝贊許。后又拜見著名道土陶弘景,陶弘景授予他《仙經》十卷,他便準備攜經返回北魏故地,從事修行;但在途經洛陽時遇到印度名僧菩提流支,便問:“佛法中頗有長生不死法,勝此土仙經者乎?”意思是佛經中有沒有勝過道教的長生不老之法。菩提流支很不高興地“唾地相斥”回答他:道教哪配與佛教相比?靠道教的《仙經》是不能擺脫生死輪回,達到長生不老的。隨之即把佛教的《觀無量壽經》授予他,說:“此大仙方,依之修行,當得解脫生死。”說明長生不如解脫的道理,引導他信仰凈土(見《續高僧傳·曇鸞傳》),這使曇鸞深受教益,當場把《仙經》燒掉,此后他便主要傳播凈土信仰了。
曇鸞回到故地后,大力弘揚凈土念佛,民眾紛紛皈依,名聲大振。北魏分裂后,東魏開國君主孝靜帝對他十分崇敬,尊稱他為“神曇”,并下敕令要他住持并州大寺。他后來又移住汾州北山石壁玄中寺(今屬交城縣),在這里講經授徒。從此,玄中寺成為傳播凈土信仰的重要中心。到唐代,曇鸞的再傳弟子、山西文水人道綽繼續在玄中寺傳道;后來,道綽的弟子善導來到長安,建立起了完備的凈土宗派,使凈土宗的發展,達到了一個極盛時期。
凈土宗在印度佛教中也沒有形成宗派,卻在中國得到發展并連綿不絕地流傳了下來,主要是因為它的教義和修行方法簡便易行,得到平民大眾的信奉,所以如同禪宗一樣,稱得上是真正中國化了的佛教。凈土宗的發展,與山西地區和由山西出家的高僧有著密不可分的血肉關系。它是由慧遠開創、曇鸞奠基、道綽與善導完成的,主要是在山西大地上形成發展起來的,曇鸞在凈土宗的發展中,起著承上啟下的重要作用。
凈土宗在唐代正式形成后,進而傳入了日本,日本僧人“依據善導一師開創凈土宗”(日·村上專精:《日本佛教史綱》),使凈土教在日本得到廣泛流傳,成為日本眾多佛教宗派中的一個重要宗派,也因此,日本的凈土宗一直尊奉曇鸞、道綽、善導為凈土三祖師,尊奉玄中寺為凈土宗開山祖庭。歷代日本凈土名僧,多來玄中寺朝拜,視為“圣地”,對促進中日文化交流起了重要橋梁作用。
以上,從法顯、慧遠到曇鸞使我們看到,由山西出家的佛教高僧大多集中在十六國北朝時期,這個現象很值得重視。十六國北朝是中國封建社會的大分裂、大動蕩時期,也是民族文化交融的一個高峰期,在這個時期,山西因其獨特的自然地理環境和歷史文化傳統而再度成為多民族活動的大舞臺及多民族文化的大熔爐;這個時期,也正是中國佛教發展的一個繁榮期,山西在這個時期一直處于北方民族統治之下,這些民族的統治者為了有效地統治漢族人民,在不斷學習吸取漢民族文化的同時,又大力宣揚和扶持佛教文化發展,這就為山西出現為數眾多的佛教高僧,以及佛教文化能夠在山西獲得比較高度的發展,提供了一種特定的和相當有利的社會政治背景和歷史文化氛圍。這樣,也就不難理解山西佛教文化之所以格外光輝奪目的基本原因了。
同時,山西地區不僅佛教思想比較活躍,在傳播和發展中國佛教方面做出了重大貢獻,而且,山西也是佛教文物、藝術的寶庫,是全國佛教遺產最為豐富的地區之一。如五臺山位居佛教四大圣地之首;玄中寺為中日凈土宗搖籃;云岡石窟文化可與敦煌媲美;廣勝寺稀世罕見的金版藏經《趙城金藏》為當今整理出版《大藏經》的主要底本;以及遍布全省各地的斑斕多姿的佛教建筑、雕刻、繪畫等等。這些說明,山西在中國佛教文化史上占有舉足輕重的地位。
三孔導游詞 篇7
不知道您讀沒讀過《論語》,那上面開篇有一句話叫“有朋自遠方來,不亦樂乎”。那么我就以孔子的這句名言,熱烈地歡迎您來孔子的故鄉山東曲阜參觀游覽。下面,就由我陪同各位游覽并進行導游服務,非常感謝您的合作,并衷心地希望您對我的工作多提出批評意見。
在來山東曲阜之前,許多朋友可能已對山東曲阜和孔子有了不少的了解,但也有的朋友知道的并不十分詳細,現在,我就在進入景點之前,先把山東曲阜和孔子的情況簡要介紹一下。
山東曲阜位于中國山東省西南部,現有人中62萬其中城區人口10萬,面積約890平方公里。“山東曲阜”二字始見于《爾雅》一書,東漢應邵解釋說:魯城中有阜,委曲長七八里,故名“山東曲阜”。宋真宗大中祥符5年,也就是公元1012年,為了紀念中華民族的始祖軒轅黃帝出生在山東曲阜,曾一度改名“仙源”縣,金太宗天會7年(公元1129年),又復名山東曲阜,沿用至今。山東曲阜是一個小城,然而,山東曲阜又是一座有著五千年文明史的文化古城,在這片神圣而又古老的土地上,中國遠古傳說中的三皇五帝,竟有四人在這里留下了蹤跡。據《史記》、《帝王世紀》等史書記載:“黃帝生于壽丘”,“少昊自窮桑登帝位,稱都山東曲阜,崩葬云陽山”,現在山東曲阜城東8里,仍留下座金字塔式的墳墓--少昊陵。中國有句俗話說道“人往高處走,水往低處流”,我們是不是可以理解為我們中華民族的祖先從這里,從黃河中下游向中原,向黃土高原遷徙的過程,而我們的母親之河,黃河、長江,從黃土高原之上奔騰而下,一瀉千里,最后匯入大海呢!中國還有句古話叫“江南出才子,江北出圣人”,實際上,江北的圣人幾乎全出自山東曲阜。在中國封建時代,受到皇帝賜封的圣人一共有6位,他們分別為至圣孔子、亞圣孟子、復圣顏子、述圣子思、宗圣曾子、元圣周公,頭4位都出生在山東曲阜,后兩位一位是孔子的弟子,一位是封地在山東曲阜,周公的后世33代曾在魯國為國君,至今山東稱魯,即起于此。現在山東曲阜地上地下文物眾多,文化燦爛,有國家級文物古跡4處,省級11處,市級100余處。1982年山東曲阜被國務院公布為全國首批24個歷史文化名城之一,1994年山東曲阜“三孔”被聯合國正式列為世界文化遺產。由于山東曲阜對東方文化的重要貢獻,不少人稱山東曲阜為世界三大圣城之一:“東方的麥加”。在這里,您不得不沉思,也不能不感奮,因為這里深扎著中華民族的根,深扎著中國傳統文化的根。
各位朋友,在中國,在東方這片有著五千年文明歷史的土地上,你也許讀不懂青銅器上的銘文,也許不理解人頭獸身表現什么,象征什么。但是,當你走進中國人民的生活,行走在中華民族繁衍生息、勞動創造的古老土地上,你就能感受到、接觸到中國人民在日常生活中流露出來的儒家文化的氣息,你便能由此體驗到中國人民與其他民族迥然不同的生活方式、風土人情和理想道德的差異。無論你從哪個角度,哪個層次去探究中華民族的個性與品格,都不難發現儒家文化的基因,在漫長的歷史演進過程中,儒家文化幾乎成了中國傳統文化的代名詞。而儒家文化的創始人,就是孔子。
孔子,春秋時代魯國人,也就是山東曲阜人,名丘,字仲尼,生于公元前551年,死于公元前479年,享年73歲。孔子3歲時,父親叔梁紇去世,16歲時,母親顏征在去世,少年孔子成了孤兒,開始了他在等級森嚴的封建社會中獨自謀生、學習和奮斗的一生。
孔子少年發奮自學,勤而好問,青年時代便掌握了參與貴族政治必須熟悉的禮、樂、射、御、書、數六藝,進而掌握了《詩》、《書》、《禮》、《樂》、《易》、《春秋》六經的內容,為創立儒家文化奠定了基礎。
孔子30歲設學授徒,開始了漫長的教育生涯,他首開中國私人講學、面向民眾,提倡“有教無類”之風,成為中國第一位,也是世界上第一位偉大的教育家。
孔子51歲時,才做了中都縣令,后來曾在魯攝相事,然而時間不長,他便辭了官,離開魯國開始了他長達14年的周游列國之行。
孔子在68歲時回到魯國,他把幾乎全部精力放在了教學和文獻整理上,一直到死。孔子的一生是顛沛流離,飽經憂患的一生,是艱苦卓絕、激勵奮發的一生,是春風化雨,培育英才的一生,是著書立說,濟時救世的一生。如今,他的軀體雖已灰飛煙滅,但他的思想,卻潛入每個東方人的心靈,他熔鑄了中華民族的個性和品格,隨著歷史的發展和社會的進步,孔子還將引導著人類,跨向21世紀。
山東曲阜的文物古跡和旅游景點很多,大部分與孔子和孔子文化有關。現在我們所在的位置是山東曲阜明故城的正南門外,城門的北面是被稱為中國三大古建筑群之一的孔廟。城門的正上方有“萬仞宮墻”4個大字。“仞”是古代的長度單位,一仞約等于8尺。據說,有人稱贊孔子的弟子子貢很有學問,子貢聽說以后,就說:“人的學問好比宮墻,我的學問只有墻頭這么高,人們一看便會看見墻內的一切,而我的老師孔子的這道墻有數仞,不找到它的門是不能看到墻內宗廟之美麗、房舍的多種多樣”。后人為表達對孔子的敬仰,明代胡纘宗就寫了“萬仞宮墻”4個字鑲在城門上,清代乾隆皇帝為了顯示自己對孔子的崇拜,又把胡碑取下,換上了自己寫的“萬仞宮墻”4個大字。這就是“萬仞宮墻”的來歷。
孔廟是后人為祭祀孔子而修建的廟宇,始建于孔子死后第2年。面積有327.5畝,仿皇宮之制,分九進院落,左右對稱排列,整個建筑群共有五殿、一閣、一壇、兩廡、兩堂、17座碑亭、54座門坊共466間,南北長約1公里。孔廟恢宏壯麗,面積之大,歷史之久,保存之完整,是世界建筑史上的唯一孤例。
孔廟大門東墻外面有“官員人等至此下馬”的碑刻,過去,任何官員至此,武官要下馬,文官要下轎,以表示對孔子的尊重。
孔廟的第一座石坊叫“金聲玉振坊”。孟子對孔子曾有過這樣的評價,他說:“孔子之謂集大成,集大成者,金聲而玉振之也”。“金聲、玉振”表示奏樂的全過程,以擊鐘開始,以擊磐告終,比喻孔子的思想集古圣先賢之大成。石坊上面蓮花寶座上各刻有一個獨角怪獸稱“辟邪”,也叫“朝天吼”,這是封建社會王爵府第才可使用的飾物。
孔廟第一道門叫“欞星門”。“欞星”又名天田星,古人祭天,先要祭欞星。“欞星門”三個字為乾隆所書。“太和元氣”坊同“金聲玉振”坊差不多,題字為明代山東巡撫曾銑手書,贊頌孔子思想如同天地生育萬物。此院東西各有一座腰門,東邊上書“德侔天地一樣大,他的學說古今來說都是最好的”。這座門叫“圣時門”,由此住里,有博大精深、深不可測之感。“圣時”二字,取《孟子.萬章下》,“孔子,圣之時者也”句,意思是說,在圣人之中,孔子是最適合時代者。
過圣時門迎面小石橋,叫“璧水橋”,橋兩側偏南各有一座門,東門叫“快睹門”,是先睹為快的意思,西門叫“仰高門”贊頌孔子的學問十分高深。我們進入的大門,稱“弘道門”,這三個字取自《論語.衛星公》“人能弘道”的句子,以此來贊頌孔子闡發了堯舜湯和文武周公之“道”。這道門也是明朝洪武十年(1377年)時孔廟的大門。再往后是“大中門”,大中門是宋朝時期孔廟的大門,原名叫“宮和門”,字的意思與孔子中庸之道的主張有關,由此門向南望去,一方面可以看到孔廟的歷史沿革,一方面也可以看到孔廟的不斷擴大,這些建筑既有清代建筑,也有明代建筑,還有宋代建筑,它們建的時代不同,工匠不同,但都互相配合,相得益彰,構成一體。看孔廟建筑,同時可以看到一部分中國封建社會的發展史。
這塊碑立于明成化四年(1468年),因此也叫“成化碑”,它為明憲宗朱見深所立,碑高6米,寬2米多。這塊碑的特點是書法精湛,著稱于世,并且碑文用論辯形式寫成,在極力推崇孔子方面,可以說是之最。大家請看右上角,那上面寫道:“聯惟孔子之道,有天下者一日不可無焉”,又說:“孔子之道在天下,如布帛粟菽,民生日用不可暫缺”。這碑下面的動物不是烏龜,叫_是龍的兒子,特別能負重,所以用來馱碑,有句話講“龍生九子不成龍”,在孔廟內,龍和龍的9個兒子,你都可以看到,當地的老百姓常來這里撫摸這_他們說:“摸摸_頭,一輩子不犯愁,摸摸__一輩子不生病”。
我們面前的這座木結構建筑名叫“奎文閣”,原是孔廟的藏書樓。“奎星”為二十八星宿之一,有星十六顆,“屈曲相鉤,似文字之畫”,后來人們把它演化為文官之首,封建帝王把孔子比作天上的奎星,所以孔子又稱“歷代文官主”。這座樓閣高23.35米,闊30.1米,深17.62米,三重飛檐,四層斗拱,構造堅固而且合理,康熙年間山東曲阜曾有過一次大地震,“人間房屋傾者九,存者一”,而奎文閣卻傲然屹立,安然無恙,由此可見我國古代勞動人民的聰明智慧和高超的建筑藝術。
我們現在進入孔廟的第六進院落,展現在大家面前的是13座碑亭,南邊8座,北邊5座。亭內保存著唐、宋、元、明、清各代石碑共55幢,碑文多為皇帝對孔子的追謚加封、拜廟親祭、整修廟宇的紀錄,用漢文、八思巴文、滿文等刻成。此排中間的這座碑,重約65噸,采自北京的西山,在當時,將如此重量的石碑從千里之外,跋山涉水,運至山東曲阜,不能不說是一個奇跡。此院東、西各有一門,是孔廟第三道腰門,為“東華門、西華門”。
我們現在進入大成門,“大成門”是指今天下之大成,這一排共有5門并列,最西邊為啟圣門,是供奉孔子父母的地方,中路大成門,又有“金聲門、玉振門”相佐,中路為孔廟最中心的地方,東為承圣門,原為孔子故居。
大家知道,孔子是偉大的思想家,教育家、政治家,我們認為,孔子首先是個教育家,他是中國第一位老師,封建皇帝封他為“至圣先師”“萬世師表”,應當說,他是全人類的老師,是名符其實的“人類靈魂工程師”。我們面前的“杏壇”,相傳是當年孔子設壇講學的地方,金代建亭作以紀念,著名文人黨懷英書“杏壇”二字。壇側有棵杏樹,為后人所栽,每當初春時節,紅花綻開,綠葉搖曳。所以乾隆皇帝來朝拜時,曾賦詩贊之,詩曰:重來又值秈開時,幾樹東風簇絳枝,豈是人間凡卉比,文明終古共春熙。
矗立在我們面前的大殿就是名揚天下的“大成殿”,它是中國的“三大殿”之一,與北京故宮的“太和殿”,泰山岱廟的“天貺殿”齊名,其雄偉壯麗有過之而無不及。殿高24.8米,闊45.78米,深24.8米,雕梁畫棟,金壁輝煌,特別是周圍28根石柱,為世界文化瑰寶,均以整石雕刻而成,前面10根為深浮雕,每柱二龍戲珠,盤繞升騰,栩栩如生,刀法剛勁有力,各具變化。過去皇帝來了,都是將此柱用黃布圍裹。他們若看見恐怕也會自慚不如。兩側及后廊的龍柱為淺浮雕,每柱72條龍,總共1296條。大成殿內供奉著孔子塑像,兩側為四配,東西是復圣顏回、述圣孔及,西面是宗圣曾參和亞圣孟子。再外是12哲。每年9月26日、9月28日,我們都在這里舉行盛大的國際孔子文化節和孔子誕辰紀念儀式,表演大型祭孔樂舞和“簫韶樂舞”,舉行豐富多彩的文化、旅游活動,歡迎各位到時光臨。 三孔導游詞【5】
山東曲阜是孔子的故鄉,山東曲阜的孔廟、孔府、孔林是我國歷代紀念孔子的圣地,統稱“三孔”。孔夫子生前在此開壇授學,首創儒家文化,而其子孫后代也在此生活繁衍,傳承著孔子的文化思想。1994年,“三孔”被聯合國列入《世界遺產名錄》。
山東曲阜“三孔”中的孔廟、孔府都坐落在市中心,孔林則位于城北。孔廟是國內最大的祭祀孔子的廟宇,它是在孔子的故居上改建而成的,可謂全世界孔廟的始祖;孔府曾是數百年來孔子嫡系長期居住的地方,它的規模在國內僅次于故宮;孔林則是孔子及其家族后裔的墓地。
孔廟,公元前478年始建,后不斷擴建,至今成為一處占地327公頃(1公頃=10^4平方米)的古建筑群,包括三殿、一閣、一壇、三祠、兩廡、兩堂、兩齋、十七亭與五十四門坊,氣勢宏偉、巨碑林立,堪稱宮殿之城。
孔府,建于宋代,是孔子嫡系子孫居住之地,西與孔廟毗鄰,占地約16公頃,共有九進院落,有廳、堂、樓、軒463間,舊稱“衍圣公府”。
孔林,亦稱“至圣林”,是孔子及其家族的專用墓地,林墻周長7千米,內有古樹2萬多株,是一處古老的人造園林。
三孔導游詞 篇8
語文課上,老師向我們介紹了孔子,還教我們孔子語錄,如 “言必信,行必果。”“己所不欲,勿施于人。”老師告訴我們,孔子是二千多年前的圣人,他的思想直到今天還在影響著我們。怎么樣的人才能稱為圣人呢?我有些好奇。
今年暑假,爸爸媽媽帶著我前往曲阜朝圣。曲阜的孔府、孔廟和孔林統稱“三孔”,如今已是國家5A級旅游景區。金碧輝煌的孔廟是各朝帝王朝拜孔子的地方,大成殿的大柱子雕著盤龍花紋,蔚為壯觀,來到這兒,虔誠之情油然而生。孔府又稱衍圣公府,是孔子嫡系子孫居住的地方,它是我國僅次于明、清皇帝宮室的最大府第,里面一幅巨大的“戒貪圖”震撼人心,后花園占地面積約13萬余平方米,古雅幽靜令人嘆為觀止。占地200萬平方米“至圣林”即孔林,是孔子及其后裔的墓地,此地宏偉壯觀,莊嚴肅穆。之所以稱為孔林,是因為“陵”是皇家用的,為了表達對圣人的`敬重,便取其諧音“林”。
游完“三孔”,我們又去了孔子生跡園,那兒的蠟像館記錄了孔子的。生平事跡,其中“孔子相師”的故事讓我印象深刻。孔子問官于郯子、學樂于萇弘、學琴于師襄、問禮于老聃,真正做到了“學而不厭”。孔子55歲周游列國,有一次,他遇到七歲的項橐,項橐問他:“鵝的叫聲為什么這樣大?”孔子說:“因為它的脖子長。”項橐說:“蛤蟆、蛙子脖子很短,叫聲也不小啊!”博學多識的孔子被項橐的聰明才智所折服,連連慨嘆“后生可畏,我當拜你為師!” 孔子以實實在在的行動詮釋了“三人行,必有我師焉” 的內涵,也許正是這么一種不恥下問的精神造就了一代圣人。
圣人故里一日游結束了,面對孔子塑像,我們揮手告別,卻揮不走孔子謙虛好學的故事。媽媽微笑著問我:“現在,你知道孔子是個怎么樣的人了嗎?”我認真地回答:“他是個值得我學習的圣人!”
三孔導游詞 篇9
女士們!先生們!大家好!我叫某某某。今天,由我來帶領你們游覽“三孔”:孔府·孔廟·孔林。孔子有句名言:“有朋自遠方來,不亦樂乎”我有幸擔任導游,十分高興。我將盡力為大家服務,不足之處,請批評改正。 在參觀三孔之前,請允許我介紹一下曲阜。曲阜地處魯中小區和魯西南平原的交界處。大詩人李白曾描寫曲阜:“笑夸故人指絕境,山光水色青如蘭”。
現在我們參觀孔廟。孔廟位于曲阜城中心,是古代人們為了幾年孔子生前的偉大思想寬闊的精神品質所建的一座韻味十足的建筑。前后九進院落,占地327.5畝,南北長達1公里;共有建筑466間,54座門坊;加之廟內1700余株古樹,一個個直沖云天,聽說當時誰敢砍倒一棵,就會以殺頭處理。每一棵樹,每一個門的名字都含有孔子“仁”的思想。
孔府與孔廟毗鄰,是孔子嫡系長子長孫居住的府第,三路布局,九進院落,共有建筑463間,加上后花園,共占地240畝。孔府,也稱“衍圣公府”。“衍圣”的意思是說“圣道”、“圣裔”能繁衍接續, 進入孔府大門,由此向后孔府分為三路,東路建有一貫堂、慕恩堂、孔氏家廟等;西路是孔府當年接待貴賓和讀書習禮的地方,有紅萼軒、忠恕堂、安懷堂、花廳等;中路是孔府的主體建筑,前半部為官衙,后半部為內宅。
孔林,是孔子家庭的專用墓地,也是世界上延時最久、規模最大的家庭墓地。占地三千多畝。周圍垣墻高3米,厚1.5米,長14.5華里。林內有各種樹木10萬多株,數百種植物。在萬木掩映之中,碑石林立,石像成群,十分壯觀。 現在自由活動3小時,可以自行游覽“三孔”,也可以進行游戲、野餐等活動,但必須保證衛生。 參觀“三孔”到此結束了!
三孔導游詞 篇10
不知道您讀沒讀過《論語》,那上面開篇有一句話叫“有朋自遠方來,不亦樂乎”。那么我就以孔子的這句名言,熱烈地歡迎您來孔子的故鄉山東曲阜參觀游覽。下面,就由我陪同各位游覽并進行導游服務,非常感謝您的合作,并衷心地希望您對我的工作多提出批評意見。
在來山東曲阜之前,許多朋友可能已對山東曲阜和孔子有了不少的了解,但也有的朋友知道的并不十分詳細,現在,我就在進入景點之前,先把山東曲阜和孔子的情況簡要介紹一下。
山東曲阜位于中國山東省西南部,現有人中62萬其中城區人口10萬,面積約890平方公里。“山東曲阜”二字始見于《爾雅》一書,東漢應邵解釋說:魯城中有阜,委曲長七八里,故名“山東曲阜”。宋真宗大中祥符5年,也就是公元1012年,為了紀念中華民族的始祖軒轅黃帝出生在山東曲阜,曾一度改名“仙源”縣,金太宗天會7年(公元1129年),又復名山東曲阜,沿用至今。山東曲阜是一個小城,然而,山東曲阜又是一座有著五千年文明史的文化古城,在這片神圣而又古老的土地上,中國遠古傳說中的三皇五帝,竟有四人在這里留下了蹤跡。據《史記》、《帝王世紀》等史書記載:“黃帝生于壽丘”,“少昊自窮桑登帝位,稱都山東曲阜,崩葬云陽山”,現在山東曲阜城東8里,仍留下座金字塔式的墳墓--少昊陵。中國有句俗話說道“人往高處走,水往低處流”,我們是不是可以理解為我們中華民族的祖先從這里,從黃河中下游向中原,向黃土高原遷徙的過程,而我們的母親之河,黃河、長江,從黃土高原之上奔騰而下,一瀉千里,最后匯入大海呢!中國還有句古話叫“江南出才子,江北出圣人”,實際上,江北的圣人幾乎全出自山東曲阜。在中國封建時代,受到皇帝賜封的圣人一共有6位,他們分別為至圣孔子、亞圣孟子、復圣顏子、述圣子思、宗圣曾子、元圣周公,頭4位都出生在山東曲阜,后兩位一位是孔子的弟子,一位是封地在山東曲阜,周公的后世33代曾在魯國為國君,至今山東稱魯,即起于此。現在山東曲阜地上地下文物眾多,文化燦爛,有國家級文物古跡4處,省級11處,市級100余處。1982年山東曲阜被國務院公布為全國首批24個歷史文化名城之一,1994年山東曲阜“三孔”被聯合國正式列為世界文化遺產。由于山東曲阜對東方文化的重要貢獻,不少人稱山東曲阜為世界三大圣城之一:“東方的麥加”。在這里,您不得不沉思,也不能不感奮,因為這里深扎著中華民族的根,深扎著中國傳統文化的根。
各位朋友,在中國,在東方這片有著五千年文明歷史的土地上,你也許讀不懂青銅器上的銘文,也許不理解人頭獸身表現什么,象征什么。但是,當你走進中國人民的生活,行走在中華民族繁衍生息、勞動創造的古老土地上,你就能感受到、接觸到中國人民在日常生活中流露出來的儒家文化的氣息,你便能由此體驗到中國人民與其他民族迥然不同的生活方式、風土人情和理想道德的差異。無論你從哪個角度,哪個層次去探究中華民族的個性與品格,都不難發現儒家文化的基因,在漫長的歷史演進過程中,儒家文化幾乎成了中國傳統文化的代名詞。而儒家文化的創始人,就是孔子。
孔子,春秋時代魯國人,也就是山東曲阜人,名丘,字仲尼,生于公元前551年,死于公元前479年,享年73歲。孔子3歲時,父親叔梁紇去世,16歲時,母親顏征在去世,少年孔子成了孤兒,開始了他在等級森嚴的封建社會中獨自謀生、學習和奮斗的一生。
孔子少年發奮自學,勤而好問,青年時代便掌握了參與貴族政治必須熟悉的禮、樂、射、御、書、數六藝,進而掌握了《詩》、《書》、《禮》、《樂》、《易》、《春秋》六經的內容,為創立儒家文化奠定了基礎。
孔子30歲設學授徒,開始了漫長的教育生涯,他首開中國私人講學、面向民眾,提倡“有教無類”之風,成為中國第一位,也是世界上第一位偉大的教育家。
孔子51歲時,才做了中都縣令,后來曾在魯攝相事,然而時間不長,他便辭了官,離開魯國開始了他長達14年的周游列國之行。
孔子在68歲時回到魯國,他把幾乎全部精力放在了教學和文獻整理上,一直到死。孔子的一生是顛沛流離,飽經憂患的一生,是艱苦卓絕、激勵奮發的一生,是春風化雨,培育英才的一生,是著書立說,濟時救世的一生。如今,他的軀體雖已灰飛煙滅,但他的思想,卻潛入每個東方人的心靈,他熔鑄了中華民族的個性和品格,隨著歷史的發展和社會的進步,孔子還將引導著人類,跨向21世紀。
山東曲阜的文物古跡和旅游景點很多,大部分與孔子和孔子文化有關。現在我們所在的位置是山東曲阜明故城的正南門外,城門的北面是被稱為中國三大古建筑群之一的孔廟。城門的正上方有“萬仞宮墻”4個大字。“仞”是古代的長度單位,一仞約等于8尺。據說,有人稱贊孔子的弟子子貢很有學問,子貢聽說以后,就說:“人的學問好比宮墻,我的學問只有墻頭這么高,人們一看便會看見墻內的一切,而我的老師孔子的這道墻有數仞,不找到它的門是不能看到墻內宗廟之美麗、房舍的多種多樣”。后人為表達對孔子的敬仰,明代胡纘宗就寫了“萬仞宮墻”4個字鑲在城門上,清代乾隆皇帝為了顯示自己對孔子的崇拜,又把胡碑取下,換上了自己寫的“萬仞宮墻”4個大字。這就是“萬仞宮墻”的來歷。
孔廟是后人為祭祀孔子而修建的廟宇,始建于孔子死后第2年。面積有327.5畝,仿皇宮之制,分九進院落,左右對稱排列,整個建筑群共有五殿、一閣、一壇、兩廡、兩堂、17座碑亭、54座門坊共466間,南北長約1公里。孔廟恢宏壯麗,面積之大,歷史之久,保存之完整,是世界建筑史上的唯一孤例。
孔廟大門東墻外面有“官員人等至此下馬”的碑刻,過去,任何官員至此,武官要下馬,文官要下轎,以表示對孔子的尊重。
孔廟的第一座石坊叫“金聲玉振坊”。孟子對孔子曾有過這樣的評價,他說:“孔子之謂集大成,集大成者,金聲而玉振之也”。“金聲、玉振”表示奏樂的全過程,以擊鐘開始,以擊磐告終,比喻孔子的思想集古圣先賢之大成。石坊上面蓮花寶座上各刻有一個獨角怪獸稱“辟邪”,也叫“朝天吼”,這是封建社會王爵府第才可使用的飾物。
孔廟第一道門叫“欞星門”。“欞星”又名天田星,古人祭天,先要祭欞星。“欞星門”三個字為乾隆所書。“太和元氣”坊同“金聲玉振”坊差不多,題字為明代山東巡撫曾銑手書,贊頌孔子思想如同天地生育萬物。此院東西各有一座腰門,東邊上書“德侔天地一樣大,他的學說古今來說都是最好的”。這座門叫“圣時門”,由此住里,有博大精深、深不可測之感。“圣時”二字,取《孟子.萬章下》,“孔子,圣之時者也”句,意思是說,在圣人之中,孔子是最適合時代者。
過圣時門迎面小石橋,叫“璧水橋”,橋兩側偏南各有一座門,東門叫“快睹門”,是先睹為快的意思,西門叫“仰高門”贊頌孔子的學問十分高深。我們進入的大門,稱“弘道門”,這三個字取自《論語.衛星公》“人能弘道”的句子,以此來贊頌孔子闡發了堯舜湯和文武周公之“道”。這道門也是明朝洪武十年(1377年)時孔廟的大門。再往后是“大中門”,大中門是宋朝時期孔廟的大門,原名叫“宮和門”,字的意思與孔子中庸之道的主張有關,由此門向南望去,一方面可以看到孔廟的歷史沿革,一方面也可以看到孔廟的不斷擴大,這些建筑既有清代建筑,也有明代建筑,還有宋代建筑,它們建的時代不同,工匠不同,但都互相配合,相得益彰,構成一體。看孔廟建筑,同時可以看到一部分中國封建社會的發展史。
這塊碑立于明成化四年(1468年),因此也叫“成化碑”,它為明憲宗朱見深所立,碑高6米,寬2米多。這塊碑的特點是書法精湛,著稱于世,并且碑文用論辯形式寫成,在極力推崇孔子方面,可以說是之最。大家請看右上角,那上面寫道:“聯惟孔子之道,有天下者一日不可無焉”,又說:“孔子之道在天下,如布帛粟菽,民生日用不可暫缺”。這碑下面的動物不是烏龜,叫*,是龍的兒子,特別能負重,所以用來馱碑,有句話講“龍生九子不成龍”,在孔廟內,龍和龍的9個兒子,你都可以看到,當地的老百姓常來這里撫摸這*,他們說:“摸摸*的頭,一輩子不犯愁,摸摸*的*,一輩子不生病”。
我們面前的這座木結構建筑名叫“奎文閣”,原是孔廟的藏書樓。“奎星”為二十八星宿之一,有星十六顆,“屈曲相鉤,似文字之畫”,后來人們把它演化為文官之首,封建帝王把孔子比作天上的奎星,所以孔子又稱“歷代文官主”。這座樓閣高23.35米,闊30.1米,深17.62米,三重飛檐,四層斗拱,構造堅固而且合理,康熙年間山東曲阜曾有過一次大地震,“人間房屋傾者九,存者一”,而奎文閣卻傲然屹立,安然無恙,由此可見我國古代勞動人民的聰明智慧和高超的建筑藝術。
我們現在進入孔廟的第六進院落,展現在大家面前的是13座碑亭,南邊8座,北邊5座。亭內保存著唐、宋、元、明、清各代石碑共55幢,碑文多為皇帝對孔子的追謚加封、拜廟親祭、整修廟宇的紀錄,用漢文、八思巴文、滿文等刻成。此排中間的這座碑,重約65噸,采自北京的西山,在當時,將如此重量的石碑從千里之外,跋山涉水,運至山東曲阜,不能不說是一個奇跡。此院東、西各有一門,是孔廟第三道腰門,為“東華門、西華門”。
我們現在進入大成門,“大成門”是指今天下之大成,這一排共有5門并列,最西邊為啟圣門,是供奉孔子父母的地方,中路大成門,又有“金聲門、玉振門”相佐,中路為孔廟最中心的地方,東為承圣門,原為孔子故居。
大家知道,孔子是偉大的思想家,教育家、政治家,我們認為,孔子首先是個教育家,他是中國第一位老師,封建皇帝封他為“至圣先師”“萬世師表”,應當說,他是全人類的老師,是名符其實的“人類靈魂工程師”。我們面前的“杏壇”,相傳是當年孔子設壇講學的地方,金代建亭作以紀念,著名文人黨懷英書“杏壇”二字。壇側有棵杏樹,為后人所栽,每當初春時節,紅花綻開,綠葉搖曳。所以乾隆皇帝來朝拜時,曾賦詩贊之,詩曰:重來又值秈開時,幾樹東風簇絳枝,豈是人間凡卉比,文明終古共春熙。
矗立在我們面前的大殿就是名揚天下的“大成殿”,它是中國的“三大殿”之一,與北京故宮的“太和殿”,泰山岱廟的“天貺殿”齊名,其雄偉壯麗有過之而無不及。殿高24.8米,闊45.78米,深24.8米,雕梁畫棟,金壁輝煌,特別是周圍28根石柱,為世界文化瑰寶,均以整石雕刻而成,前面10根為深浮雕,每柱二龍戲珠,盤繞升騰,栩栩如生,刀法剛勁有力,各具變化。過去皇帝來了,都是將此柱用黃布圍裹。他們若看見恐怕也會自慚不如。兩側及后廊的龍柱為淺浮雕,每柱72條龍,總共1296條。大成殿內供奉著孔子塑像,兩側為四配,東西是復圣顏回、述圣孔及,西面是宗圣曾參和亞圣孟子。再外是12哲。每年9月26日、9月28日,我們都在這里舉行盛大的國際孔子文化節和孔子誕辰紀念儀式,表演大型祭孔樂舞和“簫韶樂舞”,舉行豐富多彩的文化、旅游活動,歡迎各位到時光臨。
三孔導游詞 篇11
Shandong, one of the birthplaces of ancient Chinese culture, is a greatland with not only famous mountains and rivers, but also splendid civilizationin the long history of civilization. There are numerous places of interest andscenic spots in Shandong.
Dear tourists, ladies and gentlemen, you have worked hard all the way.Welcome to the Confucius Temple.
Dear tourist friends, ladies and gentlemen, welcome to Qufu, Confucius'hometown, and thank you for choosing me as your guide. I'm Zhang, a tour guideof __ travel agency in Qufu. You can call me Xiao Zhang or Zhang Dao. Confuciushas a famous saying: "it's a pleasure to have friends from afar." Now let mefeel happy to meet new friends and provide you with tour guide service.
Confucius Temple is a ritual temple for Confucius. Confucius is a famousthinker and educator at the end of the spring and Autumn Period in China, and isrespected as the founder of the Confucian school. According to records,Confucius was born on the top of the polder, like the shape of Niqiu mountain,so because of the name Qiu, the word Zhongni.
In his life of hard exploration of social practice, Confucius deeplyunderstood and understood the society at that time, gradually established thebasic system of Confucianism, and became a famous political theorist, educatorand thinker at that time. The Confucianism he founded has a great influence inthe history of China and even the world. In the second year after Confucius died(478 BC), Duke AI of Lu changed the hall where Confucius lived to "longevityhall". There were three houses, which displayed "clothes, crowns, Qin, Che, Shu"used by Confucius, and "because they thought they were temples, they wereworshipped when they were old", that is, they offered sacrifices on time everyyear. Although Confucius was a well-known academic master at that time,Confucianism was only a school, and Confucius was not in a high position, so theoriginal Confucius Temple was only the former residence of Confucius. After theHan Dynasty, the status of Confucius and Confucianism gradually improved.
According to records, from 220 A.D. to the time before liberation, theConfucius Temple was rebuilt and expanded for more than 70 times. After morethan 20__ years of reconstruction and expansion, the Confucius Temple in Qufuformed a large-scale ancient architectural complex. It covers an area of about140000 square meters, including 466 halls, pavilions, 54 gates and 17 stelepavilions. With its large scale, the Palace Museum and Chengde Mountain Resortare known as the three major ancient architectural complexes in China.
The overall layout of Confucius Temple is a long-term development ofConfucius' former residence, which has a history of more than 2400 years. Thearchitectural effect pursued by the development of Confucius Temple is achievedthrough the environment created by the whole building complex to set off thegreat achievements of Confucius and the profound and extensive of Confucianismand Taoism. Therefore, the artistic expression of Confucius temple architectureis firstly the integrity of its overall layout and architectural sequence;secondly, the treatment of its individual buildings and the pattern of eachcourtyard, and each hall, hall, building, door and pavilion fully shows theirrespective important role; The third is the subtle aspects of individualarchitecture, which fully reflects the unparalleled artistic achievements ofChinese ancient architects in design and construction. In the aspect of overallarchitecture, Confucius Temple adopts the ancient traditional palace stylearchitecture. However, it has been rebuilt and expanded for many times inhistory. When it is rebuilt and expanded, it is bound to be limited by theshape, scale and other factors of the previous Confucian temple. However, thearchitectural group of the Confucian temple finally successfully utilized theheritage of the previous generation, which not only reflects the continuation ofthe historical heritage, but also maintains its overall integrity. This uniquearchitectural form is caused by many factors. First of all, the Confucius Templeis an extension of the former residence of Confucius, which preserves manyhistorical sites related to Confucius, such as the old house well, poetry hall,Lubi, Jinsi hall, and the apricot altar built to commemorate Confucius'lectures; second, the Royal ancestral temple factors, such as the halberdsystem, the front hall and the back bedroom system; third, the palace factors,such as the five gate system of the emperor, the turret system of the RoyalCity, the East and West Huamen, etc; The fourth is the factors of clan andfamily temples, such as Qisheng temple, Chongsheng temple, family temple, etc.;the fifth is the factors of sacrifice. In addition to Confucius, Sipei andtwelve philosophers, there are also sages, Confucians and ancestors, with atotal number of more than 200 people. In order to accommodate a large number ofworshippers, it is necessary to set up veranda, thus forming veranda courtyard.In addition to the above factors, it also highlights the sage status ofConfucius and the sanctity of Confucius and Mencius, such as panchi, Bishui,memorial archway and so on, and symbolizes Confucius' great academicachievements with the book building. Confucius Temple has successfully used thetraditional combination of courtyard and environment, and achieved the purposeof rendering Confucius' outstanding contribution in academic and education andhis lofty position in ancient society. It is a unique architectural form inancient Chinese architectural complex.
There are more than 1200 ancient trees in the Confucius Temple, whichreflect each other with the magnificent buildings. Especially in summer,thousands of egrets live on the ancient trees, forming another unique landscapeof the Confucius Temple. Egrets have been designated as city birds by QufuCity.
Wanren palace wall
Jin Sheng Yu Zhen Fang
Jinshengyuzhen square was built in 1538, the 17th year of Jiajing reign ofMing Dynasty. The four characters of "jinshengyuzhen" are written by Huzuanzong, a scholar of Ming Dynasty. On the square, there is a light carvedcloud dragon playing with pearls. On the top of each column, there is a roundcarving "ward off evil spirits", commonly known as "chaotianhou". Behind thesquare, there is a single hole stone bridge, on which there is a dragon, named"Panshui bridge". Under the bridge, the upstream of panshuiyuan is connectedwith gupanchi, and the downstream flows through the South Gate of Ming CityXishuimen enters the moat. The bridge was built in the 16th year of the reign ofEmperor Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty (1677 AD).
The four characters of "Jin Sheng Yu Zhen" come from "Mencius · Wan ZhangXia", Mencius said: "Confucius is called jidacheng. He who has achieved greatsuccess has a golden voice and a jade. The first is the sound of gold, and thelast is the sound of jade. " It means that Confucius is a master of sages andsages. The original meaning of "Jin Sheng" refers to the sound of "Zhong", anancient musical instrument in China. The original meaning of "Yu Zhen" refers tothe sound of "Qing", an ancient musical instrument in China. Mencius comparesConfucius' thought to a perfect music. Here, to borrow Mencius' meaning, itmeans that Confucius' thought is perfect and integrates the achievements ofancient sages to reach the top.
Lattice star gate
Lingxing gate was built in the 13th year of Yongle (AD 1415) of MingDynasty. It was originally made of wood. In the 19th year of Qianlong (AD 1754)of Qing Dynasty, it was replaced by stone pillars and iron beams when KongZhaohuan rebuilt the Confucius Temple. On the top of the four pillars are thefour generals, and on the middle beam are the fire pearls, which symbolizes thatthe gate is guarded by the generals and becomes a towering gate.
Lingxing, namely Tiantian star, was first seen in the historical data ofthe Han Emperor Gaozu's order to worship Lingxing. The ancients believed thatLingxing was a star that "the LORD was honored by the scholars" and wasspecially in charge of officials. In the sixth year of emperor Renzong of SongDynasty (A.D. 1028), a Lingxing gate was built on the outer wall of theplatform, which was like a window lattice. There is a gate in the ConfuciusTemple, which means to worship Confucius as heaven. This can be seen in therecords of JINGDING Jiankang and Jinling Xinzhi of Song Dynasty. In addition,there is a inscription in the Confucius Temple: the Lingxing gate is set up to"dredge it to accommodate the corporal". Wherever there is a Lingxing gate, itsdoor leaf must be made of lattice structure, so it has the meaning of dredge.The Confucius temple takes this meaning to attract scholars from all over theworld to study here.
In feudal society, all the officials who came to Qufu to offer sacrificesto Confucius, regardless of their positions, had to get off the sedan chair anddismount the military officials to show their respect for Confucius. Thismonument was first erected in the second year of the reign of emperor Mingchangof Jin Dynasty (1191 AD), and now only one is left in the East.
Taihe Yuanqi square
Taihe Yuanqi square was built in the 23rd year of Jiajing in the MingDynasty (1544 A.D.), which is of stone structure. "Taihe Yuanqi" was written bythe governor of Shandong at that time.
"Taihe" refers to the combination of heaven and earth, sun and moon, andYin and Yang. "Yuanqi" originally means the original material that forms theworld. Later, some materialists called the five elements "Yuanqi" as "gold,wood, water, fire and earth". Everything in the world is composed of fiveelements. Here, "Yuanqi" is the combination of heaven and earth, sun and moon,and Yin and Yang, which is the basis for the growth of all things. "Taihe Qi"means that Confucius thought embodies the essence and the most noble aspect ofhuman thought. It can make human thought reach a supreme position as theuniverse produces everything.
After Yuanqi square of Taihe, there was the "Zhisheng Temple" square,formerly known as the "Xuansheng Temple" square. There was no record of itsfounding date. There was a "Xuansheng Temple" square on the temple map in the16th year of Hongzhi of Ming Dynasty (AD 1503). In 1729 ad, Xuansheng temple waschanged to Zhisheng temple. This square is white marble. "Zhi" meanssupreme.
"Demou heaven and earth, Daoguan ancient and modern" means that Confuciuscontributed as much to mankind as heaven and earth. Confucius thought isunprecedented, and is supreme in both ancient and modern times and in thefuture.
Holy time gate
Shengshimen, originally the main gate of Confucius Temple, was built in the13th year of Yongle (AD 1415) of Ming Dynasty, expanded in the 12th year ofHongzhi (AD 1499), and named "shengshimen" by Emperor Shizong of Qing Dynasty inthe 8th year of Yongzheng (AD 1730). The gate is built on a high platform, andthere are reliefs on the front and rear Royal Roads respectively. It is carvedin the Ming Dynasty. "Shengshimen" was written by Emperor Gaozong of QingDynasty.
The word "Shengshi" comes from Mencius. After comparing four ancientChinese sages, Mencius pointed out: "Boyi is the sage of Qing Dynasty; Yiyin isthe sage of Ren Dynasty; liuxiahui is the sage of harmony; Confucius is the sageof time". Yi Yin helped Tang exterminate Xia Jie, assisted Wai Bing after Tangdied, and established Tang sun Tai Jia to ascend the throne after Zhong Rendied. Because Tai Jia destroyed Tang FA, he was banished by Yi Yin. Three yearslater, Tai Jia repented and Yi Yin took him back. Mencius called Yi Yin thesage; Liu Xiahui was a senior official of the state of Lu in the spring andAutumn period. He had been demoted three times and remained in office. Whenasked why he didn't leave, he replied, "how can we go straight and serve people?Why should we go to our parents' country if we do wrong?" later, when Qiattacked Lu, he sent people to Qi to persuade him to withdraw. Without a singlesoldier, he withdrew from Qi's army, so Mencius said that he was the Holy One.By comparison, Mencius believes that Confucius is the sage of the time, the sageof the whole time, is the most suitable sage of the times, no matter in anyperiod, any dynasty, Confucius thought should become orthodox thought.
Bishui Bridge
When you enter the Shengshi gate, it suddenly opens. In the large squarecourtyard, there are towering ancient trees, fragrant grass, symmetrical Eastand West, each with a waist gate. The three arch bridges on the opposite sidecover the Bishui, and half cover the Hongdao gate. In addition, the stone bonsaiis decorated on it. It makes people relaxed and happy, and they are all moved.They suddenly feel that they have entered the realm of "God". Those who worshipthe saints will look up to the top, and those who watch will see it first.Connected with this situation, the east side of the waist gate is called "quickview", and the west side of the waist gate is called "Yang Gao". "Kuai Kan"means seeing first, while "Yanggao" comes from the Analects of Confucius ·Zihan. It means that Confucius' way is high and unfathomable. Looking up, thehigher you look, the higher you study Confucius' thoughts and theories. Once youenter the door, you will feel that there is no end to what you learn. These twogates were built in the 12th year of Hongzhi in Ming Dynasty (1499 AD). In thepast, only the emperor could go through the main gate for sacrifice, and mostpeople could only enter the temple through the Yanggao gate.
In front of a water across, three bridges longitudinal span, ring water hascarved stone column, because the water "around such as Bi" named "Bi water".There is Jinshui in front of Tiananmen Gate in Beijing, where Bishui meansConfucius Temple is the same as the Imperial Palace, so the third bridge isnamed Bishui bridge. It was first built in the 13th year of Yongle (AD 1415) ofMing Dynasty. In the 12th year of Hongzhi of Ming Dynasty (AD 1499), stonerailings were added. The river body was built with a river bottom. The originalriver was built with small walls. In the 16th year of Kangxi of Qing Dynasty (AD1677), the small walls were changed into stone railings.
Hongdaomen
Hongdaomen was built in 1377, the 10th year of Hongwu in Ming Dynasty. Itwas the main gate of Confucius Temple at that time. When the Confucius Templewas rebuilt in Hongzhi period of Ming Dynasty, it was rebuilt into five rooms.In the eighth year of Yongzheng (1730 A.D.), Emperor Yongzheng designated it as"Hongdao gate". Later, Emperor Qianlong inscribed the word "Hongdao" and erecteda plaque on the gate.
There are two stone steles under hongdaomen. The East stele is the "historyof Qufu county" carved in Yuan Dynasty, which records the history of Qufu beforeYuan Dynasty and has high historical value. Xibei is the epitaph of Mr. ChushiWang in Yuan Dynasty, which is of great calligraphy value. The two steles wereoriginally erected in Jiuxian village in the east of Qufu City and moved to theConfucius Temple in 1964.
Da Zhong men
Dazhongmen is the main gate of Confucius Temple in Song Dynasty. It wasbuilt in Song Dynasty and rebuilt in 1499. The three character plaque of"dazhongmen" was written by Emperor Gaozong of Qing Dynasty.
There are three green tile corner buildings on both sides of the Dazhonggate. The two corner buildings are built on the square high platform in theshape of a curved ruler. The rectangular outline formed by the two cornerbuildings and the East and west corner buildings behind the Confucius Temple isthe outline of the Confucius Temple in the yuan Dynasty. The main buildings inthe Confucius Temple are within this outline. The turret was built in 1331 A.D.in the second year of the Yuan Dynasty. The corner tower of Confucius Temple ismodeled on the corner tower of Imperial City, which means that Confucius Templeis as majestic as imperial palace.
Tongwenmen was built in Song Dynasty. It was originally three rooms, andexpanded to five rooms in Chenghua period of Ming Dynasty. It was called"shentongmen" in the reign of Emperor Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty, and changed totongwenmen in the seventh year of Yongzheng of the Qing Dynasty (1729 AD). Thisdoor is a single door, no wall on the left and right. In the past, intraditional Chinese palace style architecture, small buildings were often usedas barriers before the main building to show solemnity. Tongwen gate acted as abarrier for Kuiwen Pavilion. "Tongwenmen" was written by Emperor Gaozong of QingDynasty.
Kuiwen Pavilion
Kuiwenge, formerly known as the library, was built in the Song Dynasty withfive double eaves. In the sixth year of jinmingchang (AD 1195), it was changedinto three eaves and was named "kuiwenge". In the 17th year of Hongzhi in MingDynasty (1504 AD), it was changed into seven rooms. Emperor Qianlong of Gaozongof Qing Dynasty inscribed a plaque on the pavilion.
Kuiwen Pavilion is 30.1 meters wide from east to west, 17.62 meters deepfrom north to south, and 23.35 meters high. It has triple cornices, four layersof brackets, and eight octagonal stone columns under the eaves. The internalstructure is a laminated wooden frame, with two layers of Pavilion and a darklayer in the middle.
Kui, the name of the star. One of the 28 sleepers. It is said that it isthe head of the white tiger in the west, with a total of 16 stars, "buckled andhooked, like a painting of words". In the book of filial piety, it is said that"the article of Kui master", and later generations further described Kui star as"the head of civil servants". Therefore, in order to praise Confucius as a civilservant, Jin Zhangzong named the original library Kuiwen Pavilion.
Kuiwen pavilion has experienced hundreds of years of ups and downs andhundreds of earthquakes since it was expanded in 1504. In the West Pavilion,there is a tablet recording a major earthquake in the Kangxi period of QingDynasty, "nine houses in the world, one in the world". That is to say, 90% ofthe houses collapsed and Kuiwen pavilion was safe and sound. By the early 1980s,Kuiwen Pavilion had been in disrepair for many years. Some of the wood wasrotten and the top of the pavilion was twisted. Under the leadership of theState Administration of cultural relics, experts on ancient buildings wereorganized to work out a restoration plan. More than 1.2 million yuan wasallocated to renovate Kuiwen Pavilion one year ahead of the original schedule.The renovated Kuiwen pavilion has completely maintained its originalspecifications and style.
There are two stone tablets in the East and west of kuiwenge corridor.Kuiwenge Fu in the East is written by Li Dongyang, a famous poet in MingDynasty, and Qiao Zong, a famous calligrapher. In the west is kuiwenge resetbooks record, which records that in 1511, Liu Liu and Liu Qi led the peasantuprising army to capture Qufu and occupy the Confucius Temple. After they burnedkuiwenge's books, the emperor ordered the Ministry of rites to issue imperialbooks. In the late Qing Dynasty, the collection of books in Kuiwen pavilion wasmoved to Confucius' residence for preservation.
Kuiwen Pavilion is now on display with the pictures of Confucius' holyrelics
三孔導游詞 篇12
尊敬的各位來賓:
你們好!我受旅游、接待部門的委托,對光臨名城曲阜參觀游覽的各位佳賓表示熱烈地歡迎。我有幸為大家導游陪同參觀,非常高興,這是咱們共同頎賞學習的好機會。看后請留下寶貴意見。
首先,向大家簡要介紹一下曲阜的歷史、文物概況。
歷史文化名城曲阜是我國古代偉大的思想家、教育家、政治家、文獻整理家、世之圣人孔子的家鄉,亞圣孟子的故里,中華民族的始祖軒轅黃帝的誕生地,炎帝的首都,商殷故國,魯國首都。三皇五帝有四位在這里生息勞作,有5000多年的歷史。地下有豐富的寶藏,地上有眾多的文物。現有文物112處,其中有聯合國保護單位,世界文化遺產3處,全國保護的4處,省級12處,其他為地市級保護的。
重中之重有“三孔兩廟一陵”、“三山二林一寺”。孔廟、孔府、孔林,俗稱“三孔”,有祭祀中國元圣周公的廟宇,有祭祀孔子第一大弟子復圣顏回的廟,俗稱“兩廟”;“一陵”是黃帝誕生地--壽丘少昊陵;“三山”;孔子出生地尼山、漢墓群九龍山、小泰山--九仙山(又稱九山)。二林是:世界教育孩子最好的母親孟母林,孔子父母埋葬地梁公林;“一寺”是李白、杜甫作詩、答對、分手處,著名文人孔尚任隱居處國家園林“石門寺”。
我們現在看孔廟。
孔廟,又稱至圣廟,是祭祀孔子及其夫人亓官氏和七十二賢人的地方。孔廟同北京的故宮、河北承德市避暑山莊并稱中國的三大古建筑群。專家對孔廟講了四名話:建筑時間最久遠、最宏大、保存最完整、東方建筑特色最突出。從孔廟可看出兩個問題:一是孔子對中國乃至東方文化的巨大貢獻;二是中國在歷史上就有能工巧匠。
孔廟始建于公元前478年,孔子去世的第二年建廟。在孔子故居建廟堂三間,陳列孔子的衣、車、書等,“歲時奉祀”。歷代皇帝對孔廟都有擴建,計大修15次,中修31次,小修數百次達到現在的規模。孔廟仿皇宮建筑之制,分三路布局,九過院落,共有房屋466間,門亭54座,東西相對貫穿在一條中軸線上,有碑碣近千塊,占地327.5畝,長達兩華里又150公尺。現在看到的孔廟是明弘治年間的規模。解放后國家多次撥款維修保護。我國首批公布的全國重點文物保護單位,1994年12月列入世界文化遺產,成為聯合國保護的文物單位,孔廟建筑時間之久遠,規模之宏大,保存之完整實屬世之罕見。
神道。“萬仞宮墻”前古柏蒼勁的這段路為“神道”。重要的廟宇前都有專開的尊敬靈通之道,稱“神道”。
萬仞宮墻。這道門是曲阜明城正南門,也是孔廟的第一道門,上懸“萬仞宮墻”四個大字,系清乾隆皇帝的御筆。它來源于孔子得意弟子子貢。魯國大會諸侯時,有人提出子貢的學問博大精深,可與孔子相提并論,子貢在場,馬上站起來說,我可不敢與俺老師孔子比,人的學問好比一堵墻,我這道墻只有一仞之高,俺老師的墻有數仞之多。就是說,我的學問等于一肩膀頭子高,一目了然沒什么深奧的;孔子的學問有我數倍之多,經過詳細的研究,全面的探討,才能了解他的全部,入了門以后,才能看到宗廟之美,在門外頭你是看不到的。后人為了形容孔子的學問高深,從夫子之墻數仞,到“百仞”、“千仞”到明代皇帝封孔子為“天下文官主,歷代帝王師”,封孔子學問有“萬仞”,贊頌孔子學問有一萬個八尺,往上看,看不到頂,亦說此墻深壁高壘非常堅固。這四個字原為明欽差所寫,乾隆為表示他對孔子的重視,親書“萬仞宮墻”換上了他的御筆。
金聲玉振坊。此坊建于明代,為表達孔子學問精湛而完美,如同奏樂的全過程,自始至終完整無缺。古樂是以敲鐘開始,鐘起“始條理也”,是擊磬告終,“玉振”為磬落的聲音,稱“終條理也”,贊揚孔子的學問是集先賢先圣之大成,所以稱“金聲而玉振也”,“金聲”鐘的聲音,始,“玉振”磬的聲音,終。這也是辦事要“有始有終”成語的來源。“金聲玉振”是明代大書法家胡纘宗題定的。
“二柏擔一孔”。過玉振坊這個單孔的石拱橋,東西各有一棵古柏,所以人稱“二柏擔一孔”。這橋名曰:“泮水橋”與行宮旁泮水池的水相通,因之演義為“盼水”。過去讀孔孟之書,考上高等學府叫“入盼”,做官的盼高升,做買賣盼發財,過日子盼興旺。
下馬碑。廟墻外東西各立一塊石碑,公元1191年專立的下馬碑,下轎碑。西邊的碑早毀壞,東邊這塊碑上寫“官員人等至此下馬”。過去文武官員、庶民百姓從此路過下轎下馬徒步而行,以示對孔子、孔廟的尊敬。
欞星門。明代所建,公元1754年重修,由木制改鐵石的。“欞星門”系乾隆御筆。相傳天上星系“有二十八宿”,其中,有個掌管文化的星叫“欞星”,又名“文曲星”、“天振星”,把孔子與天上管文化的星聯系起來,說文化方面他是最高的,如過去祭天,要先祭“文曲星”,有尊孔如尊天的說法。
太和元氣坊。這坊是明代公元1544年所建,極贊孔子的思想,主張如同“太空宇宙能哺育萬物。天地之合,四方之合,陰陽之合”,稱“太和”之氣是最基本的東西,宇宙之太和,人間之元氣。“太和元氣”系山東巡撫曾銑手書。
至圣廟坊。明代所建“至圣廟坊”,是漢白玉的,上飾火焰寶珠。
德侔天地,道冠古今。這道院的東西對襯各建一處很奇特的牌坊,木制角棱環繞,千頭萬續,下有八個怪獸,叫“天龍神獅”,相傳它威嚴靈感,可驅除邪惡,匡扶正義。東邊牌坊上書:“德侔天地”,說孔子的思想主張給人類的好處如同天高地厚,功德能同天地相比。西邊的牌坊上書“道冠古今”,贊孔子思想、辦法古今都是蓋世之冠。
圣時門。三門并列,四道臺皆同上,中央盤龍。此門命名來源于孟子,對古代四位圣人伯夷、伊尹、柳下惠、孔子,孟子把四圣人的圣跡歸納為四句話:伯夷圣之清者也,伊尹圣之任者也,柳下惠圣之和者也,孔子圣之時者也。“圣時”極贊孔子思想主張經久不衰,是適合時代的圣人。皇帝來曲阜朝孔要行“三跪九叩大禮”,走圣時門;歷代“衍圣公”出生時打開“圣時門”,除這兩種情況外,此門不輕易開啟。都走快覩門、仰高門。
快覩門,取先睹為快之意。就是說孔子的學問“五經四書”,誰先學誰先有文化,誰先學誰先有知識,爭相學習,以先見到先讀為快樂。
仰高門。根據顏回贊揚孔子的一段話命名的。顏回說,夫子之道,仰之彌高,鉆之彌堅。贊孔子學問向上看不到頂,叫“彌高”,學起來文言文很難懂,叫“彌堅”,高不是高不可攀,經過努力是完全可以學到的。顏回說“夫子循循然,善誘人,博我以文,說我以禮。”俺老師循循善誘,教我以文化,施我以禮節。
漢石人。仰高門里亭子里有兩位歷史價值很高的漢石人,一位是“亭長”,(漢代地方小官),一位府門之卒,都是魯王墓前守衛的。石人被歷代金石學家所重視,對研究漢代服裝和文字有重要價值。
金水橋,這道橋,同故宮前的橋同名,稱金水橋,又叫碧水橋,三孔排列,綠水蕩漾。
弘道門。過金水橋是明代皇帝欽定的“弘道門”,取“論語”中“人能弘道,非道弘人”之意。孔子是個普通文人,為什么成為圣人?贊孔子總結了先賢先圣的經驗,尤其弘揚了堯舜禹湯,文武周公之道。“人能弘道,說人能指揮創造一切,非道弘人,并不是一切指揮人,這是贊揚人的主觀能動性。”弘道門下有兩塊石碑,東邊的四棱碑是“曲阜歷代沿革志”記載了曲阜沿革變遷的歷史,元代所立,史料價值很高,西邊的是“處士先生墓志”,具有很高的書法價值。
大中門。大中門是宋代孔廟的大門,稱“中和門”,意為用孔子的思想處理問題都可迎刃而解。明代擴建廟改稱“大中門”,贊孔子的學問是集人類知識之大成,中,取“中庸”之意,“中者天下之正道,庸者天下之定理”,中不偏,庸不易。離開中者,就不是正道,成了邪道、歪門。就是說不左不右,公平正道,向前為中庸。大中門東西兩頭有角樓兩座是守衛孔廟用的。
同文門,四大名牌,孔廟圖。進入大中門里左右有四塊大碑。西邊的明弘治碑,講的綱常倫理。弘治碑右側有明代才子湖南長沙李東陽繪制的“孔廟圖”價值很高。
成化碑,是明代成化皇帝朱見深所立。有兩個情況引起歷代大家名人的注意。一是成化碑正楷字寫的好、規范化、標準化,精湛引人,字體筆法有“著稱于世”的評語;二是對孔子評價最高,歷代皇帝對孔子都有評說,評價最高的是成化皇帝,他把孔子的思想、辦法比作吃飯、穿衣、花錢,一天也離不開,有了孔子的道理和辦法,就能人盡其才,物盡其用,地盡其力,不然就亂套啦。說有孔子之道則有天下,沒孔子之道則無天下,反孔子之道則失天下。如碑文稱:“朕唯孔子之道,天下一日不可無焉,有孔子之道則綱常正而倫理明,萬物各得其所矣...,孔子之道之在天下如布帛粟菽,民生日用不可暫缺,...天生孔子縱之為圣,生之安行仁義中正,師道興起,從游三千,往圣是繼。”
同文門。取“人同心”字同文之意。是說同心協力,團結一致才能干好事業;文字要統一,有統一的文字才能記載歷史傳播經驗,隨意造字就會亂套。同文門是奎文閣前的重要屏障。
奎文閣,原為藏書樓,是收藏御賜書籍的地方。建于宋天禧二年(公元1020xx年),金章宗重修時改為“奎文閣”。這座獨特雄偉的建筑,完全是木質結構,在中國樓的建設上稱孤例。經過幾次地震,奎文閣沒有震毀。清康熙5年地震“十間房子倒者有九,存者有一,奎文閣巍然不動”。明代吏部尚書李東陽專寫了“奎文閣賦”,贊奎文閣的建筑研究價值。就是廊下東頭這塊碑。
樓閣前這東西兩院稱:“齋宿”,是祭祀人員齋戒、沐浴的地方。東院是衍圣公齋宿所,清康熙、乾隆祭孔時都在東齋宿盥洗。西院是從祭人員的齋宿。孔子七十一代孫孔昭薰將廟內宋、元、明、清五朝代拜孔廟碑130多塊集中鑲嵌在院墻上,故西齋宿又稱碑院。
十三碑亭。這是孔廟的第六進院落,亭內立有55塊碑,是唐、宋、金、元、明、清等朝代所立,其內容都是皇帝、欽差拜孔、對孔子的追謚、評價,歷次修孔廟的記載,有漢、滿、蒙、八思巴文等文字。南八北五,所以稱十三碑亭,因為都是經皇帝批準立的碑,因此又叫御碑亭。東起前排第三、六兩個亭子是金代所建,是我國現存不可多見的建筑。凡是用赑屭馱的碑都稱“御碑”。“赑屭”是吉祥物,傳說龍王有九子,它是第8子,它愛“文”,善于負重,石碑有文字而沉重適合其特點,形象應為龍頭、龜身、鷹腿、蛇尾。
東起北邊這第三個亭子是康熙皇帝立的碑。北京西山采的石頭經大運河,經濟南又運到這里。專家計算這幢碑13萬斤重,從濟寧沿途潑水凍了,在冰上滑過來的,有時一天只走臥牛之地。曲阜本有好石頭不用,要從北京運來,以示皇帝對孔子的重視。這院東南、西南各有一片碑碣都是王公大臣們修廟、拜孔的記載,書法價值很高。
這個院東西對襯各有一門,東為“毓粹門”,西是“觀德門”。俗稱東華門、西華門。
孔廟由這里起分為三路布局,這一道五門,中為“大成門”,左邊是“金聲門”,右邊是“玉振門”,再往西為“啟圣門”,再往東為“承圣門”。大成門的建筑結構是“犬牙交錯,勾心斗角”。中間插進為“勾心”,左右四角尖端相頂為“斗角”。大成門三字系雍正皇帝的御筆。贊孔子是集先圣先賢之大成,達到了至高無上的境界。
先師手植檜。大成門里左邊這棵挺拔蒼勁的檜樹,是孔夫子手植的。據記載:孔子在這里裁過三棵檜樹,金貞佑二年(公元1220xx年)毀于兵火,樹枯而又發新枝,曾“三枯三榮”,有“檜樹日茂孔氏日興”的說法。明萬歷年間才子楊光訓題寫了“先師手植檜”五個大字。
兩廡長廊。這兩側的對等兩排房子,共80間,稱“東西廡”,是供奉七十二賢人的地方。孔子號稱弟子三千,身通六藝文武全才的七十二人,供奉在東西廡。歷代帝王都有封的配享先賢。如董仲舒、韓愈、王明陽、諸葛亮、寇準、岳飛等等。到民國年間已封到156名。最后一位先賢是梁啟超先生。原有塑像,牌位,后一律改為木制牌位。東西廡現在陳列的是收集的宋代以前的中貴石刻。周公訓子、蝙蝠行醫等,最為珍貴的國寶有漢魏朝碑刻22塊,書法價值特高的“禮器碑”、“乙瑛碑”、“史晨碑”、張猛龍碑“、米芾碑”等都是罕見的珍品。西廡陳列了100多塊“漢畫石刻”,都是久負盛名的藝術珍品,是研究漢、魏等歷史社會生活難得的珍貴資料。東廡北端陳列著584塊石刻,是孔子六十九代孫孔繼涑寫的玉虹樓法貼。
杏壇。這是為紀念孔子講學建的。孔子當初是在土臺上大杏樹下給弟子們講學。宋代公元1020xx年,孔子45代孔道輔監修孔廟時,將正殿后移擴建,在正殿舊址建亭,環植以杏,名曰“杏壇”。杏壇二字,是金代著名文人黨懷英篆書。亭內有乾隆皇帝御筆“杏壇贊”,這是他第一次來曲阜寫的。乾隆題寫的匾、對聯、條幅等在曲阜有50多處。
大成殿。這是孔廟的主殿,它和北京的故宮太和殿、泰安岱廟天貺殿并稱東方三大建筑,又稱東方三大殿。價值高歷史長的是大成殿。殿高24.8米,闊45.7米,深24.89米。四周環有28根用整個石頭雕成的龍柱,工藝精湛,造詣很深。尤其殿前廊10株深浮雕的滾龍柱實為世之罕見,10棵柱子20 條龍,上下對翔,升騰盤繞戲一顆珠子,神態各異,無一雷同,越看越有動意,躍然石上栩栩如生。這是徽州工匠的杰作。皇帝來曲阜朝孔時,孔家都用黃綾把龍柱裹起來,不讓皇帝直接看到龍柱,因為超過了金鑾殿,怕皇帝不高興,加以責怪。其余18根柱是八棱的淺浮雕龍柱,一個棱面刻九條龍,每根柱子八個棱,八九 72條龍共計雕刻1296條龍。這是罕見的石刻藝術瑰寶。總覽大成殿雄偉壯觀。
五圣十二先哲。大成殿內供奉著17尊像。
五大圣人。至圣孔子,意為圣人中的圣人,至高無上。孔夫子在中央,頭戴十二旒之冕,身穿十二章王服,手持震圭,威嚴肅穆,使人肅然起敬。兩側為四配:東邊是復圣顏子,述圣子思;西邊是宗圣曾子,亞圣孟子。東頭六位,西頭六位,稱十二先哲,有子貢、子路、冉求等11位孔子的弟子,有一位是宋朝朱熹,著名理學家,五經四書解釋的好,被封為先哲。“生民未有”的匾,是孟子贊孔子,說“生民未有盛于孔子也”。有人類以來,還沒有全面超過孔子的人,所以叫“生民未有”。“萬世師表”是康熙題寫,封孔子為“萬世皇帝之師,千古人類之表,皇帝的老師,做人的表率。”“斯文在茲”是光緒寫的,意為天下的文化都在這里。
寢殿。供奉孔子夫人亓官氏的專殿。是孔廟第三大建筑。亓官氏宋國人(河南商丘),19歲嫁孔子,后生子孔鯉,賢妻良母,早孔子7年去世,被封“至圣先師夫人”,同孔子一樣享受祭祀。寢殿周圍28根石柱上雕鳳凰,每條柱子刻鳳凰72只,同龍的數量一樣,叫龍鳳呈祥。
圣跡殿。以石刻連環畫的形式記載了孔子的事跡。有120塊文圖并茂的石刻,是孔子后代同明代巡撫御史何出光主持修建的。由吳郡著名畫工章草繪畫刻石,鑲在殿內墻上。是我國第一部人、文兼有的完整的連環畫。有很高的歷史和藝術價值。殿正面“萬世師表”為康熙御筆,正中孔子大司冠像是唐代大畫家吳道子畫的。殿東頭是康熙朝孔的御碑,西頭有晉代名畫家顧愷之畫的孔子行教像,習稱“夫子小影”最接近孔子的面貌特征。還有宋代大家米芾的贊孔子的小篆:“孔子孔子大哉孔子,子以前既無孔子,孔子以后更無孔子,孔子孔子大哉孔子”。明確的說,孔子偉大啊!無與倫比,空前絕后!
孔廟西路是祭禮孔子父母的地方。其父叔梁紇,母顏征在,皇帝封為啟圣王和啟圣王夫人,建有啟圣王殿、寢殿、金絲堂等建筑。
孔廟的東路,前后兩部分,前院是孔子故宅,有“孔宅故井”,孔子九代孫孔鮒藏書的地方名“魯壁”,現在看到的經書,立頭功的應為“魯壁”。為紀念孔子教育其子讀書建了“詩禮堂”,孔子說“不學詩無以言,不字禮無以立”,意為不學詩不會講話,不學禮不懂得如何立身事。詩禮堂內有著名雕刻家石可先生刻制的仿漢畫石刻“圣跡圖”。后院是崇圣祠、五代祠,祭祀孔子上五代祖先的祠堂。
各位先生,孔廟似歷史的、知識的學堂,因時間有限,咱們只看了主要的,我是厄要介紹的。孔子是圣人,也是偉大的旅游家,周游列國20xx年,宣傳他修身、齊家、治國平天下的學問,收集了寶貴的資料。有關圣人的遺跡很多,很值得一看。我們相處時間雖短,可友誼長存,盼望各位有機會再來曲阜觀光,我們一定很好地服務。
孔廟就看到這里,謝謝大家的合作,歡迎您再來。
三孔導游詞 篇13
Before I came to Qufu, many of my friends may have known a lot about Qufuand Confucius, but some of them didn't know much about them. Now, before I enterthe scenic spots, I'd like to briefly introduce Qufu and Confucius.
Qufu is located in the southwest of Shandong Province, China. There are620000 people in Qufu, including an urban population of 100000 and an area of890 square kilometers. The word "Qufu" first appeared in Erya. Ying Shaoexplained in the Eastern Han Dynasty that there was a Fu in the city of Lu, andWeiqu was seven or eight Li long, so it was named "Qufu". In 1012, the fifthyear of dazhongxiangfu, Emperor Zhenzong of the Song Dynasty, in order tocommemorate the birth of Xuanyuan Yellow Emperor, the ancestor of the Chinesenation, in Qufu, he once changed his name to Xianyuan county. In 1129, EmperorTaizong of the Jin Dynasty renamed Qufu, which is still in use today. Qufu is asmall city. However, Qufu is also an ancient city with 5000 years ofcivilization and culture. In this sacred and ancient land, there are four peopleleft traces of the three emperors and five emperors in ancient Chinese legend.According to historical records, Emperor Century and other historical records,"the Yellow Emperor was born in Shouqiu", "SHAOHAO ascended the throne from thepoor sang, called Qufu as the capital, and was buried in Yunyang mountain". Now,eight miles east of Qufu, there is still a pyramid tomb, SHAOHAO mausoleum.There is a Chinese saying that "people go to the top, water flows to thebottom". Can we understand that our ancestors of the Chinese nation migratedfrom here, from the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River to the CentralPlains, to the Loess Plateau, while our mother's rivers, the Yellow River andthe Yangtze River, galloped down from the Loess Plateau, and finally flowed intothe sea In fact, most of the sages in Jiangbei came from Qufu. In the feudaltimes of China, there were six saints granted by the emperor. They wereConfucius, Mencius, fushengyanzi, shushengzisi, zongshengzengzi andyuanshengzhougong. The first four were born in Qufu. The last two were disciplesof Confucius and fiefdoms in Qufu. Zhougong was the king of the state of Lu for33 generations, and Shandong has been called Lu since then. Now there are manycultural relics in Qufu, including 4 national cultural relics, 11 provincialrelics and more than 100 municipal relics. In 1982, Qufu was announced by theState Council as one of the first batch of 24 historical and cultural cities inChina. In 1994, Qufu's "three Confucius" was officially listed as a worldcultural heritage by the United Nations. Because of its important contributionto Oriental culture, many people call Qufu one of the three holy cities in theworld: "Oriental Mecca". Here, you have to ponder, but also can not helpfeeling, because here is deeply rooted in the Chinese nation, deeply rooted intraditional Chinese culture.
Dear friends, in China, in the East, a land with a history of 5000 years ofcivilization, you may not understand the inscriptions on bronzes, or what thehuman head and animal body represent or symbolize. However, when you walk intothe life of the Chinese people and walk on the ancient land where the Chinesenation thrives and works to create, you can feel and touch the Confucian culturein the daily life of the Chinese people, and then you can experience thedifferences between the Chinese people and other nationalities in their way oflife, customs and ideals. No matter from which angle or level you explore thepersonality and character of the Chinese nation, it is not difficult to find thegene of Confucian culture. In the long process of historical evolution,Confucian culture has almost become the synonym of Chinese traditional culture.The founder of Confucian culture is Confucius.
Confucius was born in 551 B.C. and died in 479 B.C. at the age of 73. WhenConfucius was 3 years old, his father uncle Liang he died. When he was 16 yearsold, his mother Yan Zheng died. Young Confucius became an orphan and began hislife of making a living, studying and struggling alone in a hierarchical feudalsociety.
As a young man, Confucius studied hard and asked questions frequently. Inhis youth, he mastered the six arts of etiquette, music, archery, imperial,calligraphy and mathematics, and then mastered the six classics of poetry,calligraphy, etiquette, music, changes and spring and autumn, which laid thefoundation for the establishment of Confucian culture.
At the age of 30, Confucius set up a school to teach students, and began along education career. He was the first to give private lectures in China, toface the public, and to advocate "education without discrimination". He becamethe first great educator in China and the world.
When Confucius was 51 years old, he became a magistrate of Zhongdu county.Later, he worked as a prime minister in Lu. However, not long after that, heresigned and left the state of Lu to begin his 14 year tour of othercountries.
When Confucius returned to the state of Lu at the age of 68, he devotedalmost all his energy to teaching and literature collation until his death.Confucius's life is a life of wandering and suffering, a life of hard work andencouragement, a life of spring breeze and rain, a life of cultivating talents,a life of writing books and writing stories, and a life of saving the world.Today, although his body has gone up in smoke and ashes, his thoughts havepenetrated into the hearts of every Oriental. He has cast the personality andcharacter of the Chinese nation. With the development of history and socialprogress, Confucius will also guide mankind to stride into the 21st century.
There are many cultural relics and tourist attractions in Qufu, most ofwhich are related to Confucius and Confucius culture. Now we are located in theSouth Gate of the ancient city of qufuming. To the north of the gate is theConfucius Temple, which is known as one of the three ancient buildings in China.There are four characters "Wanren palace wall" above the gate. Ren is an ancientunit of length, one Ren is about 8 feet. It is said that some people praisedConfucius disciple Zigong for his knowledge. After hearing that, Zigong said,"human knowledge is like a palace wall. My knowledge is only as high as the topof the wall. People can see everything in the wall when they see it. ButConfucius, my teacher, has several walls. If you don't find other doors, youcan't see the beauty of the temple and the variety of houses inside the wall.".In order to express their admiration for Confucius, Hu zuanzong in Ming Dynastywrote "Wanren palace wall" on the city gate. In order to show his worship forConfucius, Emperor Qianlong in Qing Dynasty took down the stele and replaced itwith "Wanren palace wall". This is the origin of "Wanren palace wall".
Confucius Temple is a temple built by later generations to offer sacrificesto Confucius. It was built in the second year after Confucius died. With an areaof 327.5 mu, it imitates the Imperial Palace system. It is divided into ninecourtyards and arranged symmetrically on the left and right. The whole buildingcomplex has 466 rooms, including five halls, one Pavilion, one altar, twoverandas, two halls, 17 stele pavilions and 54 gate squares, with a length ofabout 1 km from north to south. Confucius Temple is the only isolated example inthe history of architecture in the world, which is magnificent, large in area,long in history and well preserved.
Outside the east wall of the gate of Confucius Temple, there is a tabletsaying "officials and people wait to dismount here". In the past, any officialwho came here, military officials would dismount and civil officials woulddismount to show respect for Confucius.
The first stone square of Confucius Temple is called "Jin Sheng Yu Zhensquare". Mencius once had such a comment on Confucius, he said: "Confucius iscalled jidacheng, jidacheng, Jinsheng and yuzhenzhi.". "Jin Sheng, Yu Zhen"refers to the whole process of playing music, which starts with striking thebell and ends with striking the rock. It refers to the great achievement ofConfucius' thought of gathering ancient sages and sages. On the lotus throneabove the stone square, there is a unicorn monster called "ward off evilspirits" or "roar from the sky". This is the only ornament that can be used inthe Royal Palace of feudal society.
The first gate of Confucius Temple is called "Lingxing gate". "Latticestar" is also known as Tiantian star. The ancients worshipped heaven first."Lingxingmen" was written by Qianlong. "Taihe Yuanqi" square is similar to"Jinsheng Yuzhen" square. The inscription is written by Zeng Mian, governor ofShandong Province in Ming Dynasty, praising Confucius thought as heaven andearth produce all things. There is a waist gate in the East and west of thecourtyard, and it is written in the East that "demou is as big as heaven andearth, and his theory is the best in ancient and modern times.". This gate iscalled "Shengshi gate". From here, we can feel profound and profound. The word"holy time" is taken from the sentence "Confucius, the sage of the time" inMencius, which means that among the sages, Confucius is the most suitable onefor the times.
When you cross the Shengshi gate, you will face the small stone bridge,which is called Bishui bridge. There are two gates on both sides of the bridgeto the south. The east gate is called "quick view gate", which means to seefirst. The west gate is called "Yanggao gate", which praises Confucius' profoundknowledge. When we enter the gate, we call it "Hongdao gate". These three wordsare taken from the sentence "people can promote Taoism" in the Analects ofConfucius. Weixing Gong, in order to praise Confucius for expounding the "Tao"of Yao, Shun, Tang and Wenwu. This gate is also the gate of Confucius Temple in1377. Then there is "dazhongmen". Dazhongmen is the gate of Confucius Temple inSong Dynasty. Its original name is "gonghemen". Its meaning is related toConfucius' doctrine of the mean. Looking south from this gate, we can see thehistorical evolution of Confucius Temple on the one hand, and the continuousexpansion of Confucius temple on the other. These buildings include Qing Dynastybuildings, Ming Dynasty buildings and Song Dynasty buildings. They were built indifferent times The craftsmen are different, but they all cooperate with eachother and complement each other to form a whole. Looking at the Confucius templearchitecture, we can see part of the development history of Chinese feudalsociety.
This monument was erected in 1468, the fourth year of Chenghua in MingDynasty, so it is also called "Chenghua monument". It was erected by ZhuJianshen, Emperor Xianzong of Ming Dynasty. The monument is 6 meters high and 2meters wide. This tablet is famous for its exquisite calligraphy, and itsinscription is written in the form of argumentation, which can be said to be themost highly respected of Confucius. Please look at the upper right corner. Itsays: "only the way of Confucius can not be absent in one day when there is aworld." it also says: "the way of Confucius is in the world, like cloth, silk,millet and Shu, and people's daily use can not be absent.". The animal under themonument is not a tortoise. It's called _ 屭. It's the son of the dragon. It canbear heavy loads, so it's used to carry the monument. There's a saying that "adragon has nine sons, but not a dragon". In the Confucius Temple, you can seethe dragon and his nine sons. Local people often come here to touch _ 屭. Theysay: "touch _ 屭's head, never worry, touch _ 屭, never get sick.".
The wooden structure in front of us is called "Kuiwen Pavilion", which usedto be the library of Confucius Temple. "Kuixing" is one of the twenty-eightconstellations, with sixteen stars, "buckled and hooked, like a painting ofwords". Later, people evolved it into the head of civil servants. The feudalemperors compared Confucius to the Kuixing star in the sky, so Confucius wasalso known as "civil servants of all ages". The pavilion is 23.35 meters high,30.1 meters wide and 17.62 meters deep, with triple cornices and four layers ofbrackets. Its structure is solid and reasonable. During the reign of EmperorKangxi, there was a big earthquake in Qufu, where "nine houses in the worldexist, one in the world exists". However, Kuiwen Pavilion stands upright andsafe, which shows the wisdom and superb architectural art of the ancient workingpeople in China.
We are now entering the sixth courtyard of the Confucius Temple. In frontof you are 13 stele pavilions, 8 in the South and 5 in the north. There are 55stone tablets of Tang, song, yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties in the pavilion. Mostof the inscriptions are in Chinese, Ba Si Ba and Manchu. The stone tablet in themiddle of this row, weighing about 65 tons, was collected from Xishan Mountainin Beijing. At that time, it was a miracle to transport such a weight stonetablet from thousands of miles away to Qufu. There is one gate in the East andone gate in the west of the courtyard, which is the third waist gate of theConfucius Temple.
Now we enter dachengmen. Dachengmen refers to dachengmen in the world.There are five gates in this row. The most western gate is qishengmen, which isdedicated to Confucius' parents. Dachengmen in the middle road is supplementedby jinshengmen and yuzhenmen. The middle road is the most central place ofConfucius Temple, and chengshengmen in the East, which was Confucius' formerresidence.
As we all know, Confucius is a great thinker, educator and statesman. Inour opinion, Confucius is first of all an educator. He is the first teacher inChina. The feudal emperor named him "the most sage and the first teacher" and"the model of all ages". It should be said that he is a teacher of all mankindand is worthy of the name of "engineer of human soul". The "apricot altar" infront of us is said to be the place where Confucius set up the altar to givelectures, and the pavilion was built in the Jin Dynasty to commemorate it. Thefamous scholar Dang huaiying wrote the word "apricot altar". There is an apricottree beside the altar, planted by later generations. In early spring, redflowers bloom and green leaves sway. Therefore, when Emperor Qianlong came topay homage, he once wrote a poem praising it. The poem said: when the rice wasin full bloom again, how could it be that there were many flowers in the world,and the civilization was prosperous all the time.
The main hall standing in front of us is the world-famous "Dacheng hall".It is one of the "three main halls" in China. It is as famous as the "Taihehall" in the Forbidden City of Beijing and the "Tianfu hall" in the Dai Templeof Mount Tai. The hall is 24.8 meters high, 45.78 meters wide and 24.8 metersdeep, with carved beams and painted buildings. The golden wall is brilliant,especially the 28 stone pillars around it. They are all world culturaltreasures. They are all carved with whole stones. The front 10 are deep reliefs,with two dragons playing with pearls on each pillar. They are coiled and rising,lifelike, powerful and varied. In the past, when the emperor came, he wrappedthe pillar in yellow cloth. If they see it, they will be ashamed. There are 72dragons in each column, a total of 1296. In the Dacheng hall, there are fourstatues of Confucius on both sides. The East and West are Fusheng Yanhui,Shusheng Kongji, and the west is Zongsheng Zengshen and Yasheng Mencius. Another12. Every year, on September 26 and 28, we hold a grand international ConfuciusCulture Festival and a ceremony to commemorate the birth of Confucius, performlarge-scale music and dance for Confucius and "Xiao Shao music and dance", andhold a variety of cultural and tourism activities. Welcome to our time.
三孔導游詞 篇14
Dear tourists
Hello everyone! Welcome to Qufu, the Holy Land! I'm Chen Kerun, your guide.Just call me Xiao Chen. Today, I will take you to visit the three famousConfucius: Confucius Mansion, Confucius Temple and Confucius forest. Confuciushas a famous saying: "is it a pleasure to have friends from afar?" I am veryhappy to be a tour guide. I will try my best to serve you well. If there are anyshortcomings, please point them out, and I will try my best to correct them!
The entrance to the Confucius Mansion can be divided into three roads: theEast Road has Yiguan hall, Musi hall, etc.; the west road is the place where theConfucius Mansion received distinguished guests and studied in those years,including Zhongshu hall, anhuatang, Huating hall, etc.; the middle road ismostly the main building of the Confucius Mansion, the first half of which isthe government office, and the second half is the inner house.
The Confucius Temple was originally the family temple of the Kong family.There are cypress trees planted by Confucius himself in the temple. The mainbuilding is Dacheng hall. In front of the hall are the famous Jiulong column andapricot altar. Later, because Confucius was respected, many feudal emperors camehere to worship him. Now, the annual "International Confucius Culture Festival"held by Jining Municipal government is also the prelude here.
Kong Lin is a special cemetery for Confucius' family. It is also thelongest and largest family cemetery in the world, covering an area of more than3000 mu. There are hundreds of trees and more than 100000 trees in the forest.Among the trees, there are many steles and stone statues, which are veryspectacular!
Well, now we can start free activities for three hours. You can visitfreely, play games, shop and so on. However, we must ensure hygiene and notlitter.
This is the end of the visit to San Kong. Thank you for your support. Ilook forward to your coming again!
三孔導游詞 篇15
尊敬的各位來賓:
你們好!我受旅游、接待部門的委托,對光臨名城曲阜參觀游覽的各位佳賓表示熱烈地歡迎。我有幸為大家導游陪同參觀,非常高興,這是咱貌同頎賞學習的好機會。看后請留下寶貴意見。
首先,向大家簡要介紹一下曲阜的歷史、文物概況。
歷史文化名城曲阜是我國古代偉大的思想家、教育家、政治家、文獻整理家、世之圣人孔子的家鄉,亞圣孟子的故里,中華民族的始祖軒轅黃帝的誕生地,炎帝的首都,商殷故國,魯國首都。三皇五帝有四位在這里生息勞作,有5000多年的歷史。地下有豐富的寶藏,地上有眾多的文物。現有文物112處,其中有聯合國保護單位,世界文化遺產3處,全國保護的4處,省級12處,其他為地市級保護的。
重中之重有“三孔兩廟一陵”、“三山二林一寺”。孔廟、孔府、孔林,俗稱“三孔”,有祭祀中國元圣周公的廟宇,有祭祀孔子第一大弟子復圣顏回的廟,俗稱“兩廟”;“一陵”是黃帝誕生地--壽丘少昊陵;“三山”;孔子出生地尼山、漢墓群九龍山、小泰山--九仙山(又稱九山)。二林是:世界教育孩子最好的母親孟母林,孔子父母埋葬地梁公林;“一寺”是李白、杜甫作詩、答對、分手處,著名文人孔尚任隱居處國家園林“石門寺”。
我們現在看孔廟。
孔廟,又稱至圣廟,是祭祀孔子及其夫人亓官氏和七十二賢人的地方。孔廟同北京的故宮、河北承德市避暑山莊并稱中國的三大古建筑群。專家對孔廟講了四名話:建筑時間最久遠、最宏大、保存最完整、東方建筑特色最突出。從孔廟可看出兩個問題:一是孔子對中國乃至東方文化的巨大貢獻;二是中國在歷史上就有能工巧匠。
孔廟始建于公元前478年,孔子去世的第二年建廟。在孔子故居建廟堂三間,陳列孔子的衣、車、書等,“歲時奉祀”。歷代皇帝對孔廟都有擴建,計大修15次,中修31次,小修數百次達到現在的規模。孔廟仿皇宮建筑之制,分三路布局,九過院落,共有房屋466間,門亭54座,東西相對貫穿在一條中軸線上,有碑碣近千塊,占地327.5畝,長達兩華里又150公尺。現在看到的孔廟是明弘治年間的規模。解放后國家多次撥款維修保護。我國首批公布的全國重點文物保護單位,1994年12月列入世界文化遺產,成為聯合國保護的文物單位,孔廟建筑時間之久遠,規模之宏大,保存之完整實屬世之罕見。
神道。“萬仞宮墻”前古柏蒼勁的這段路為“神道”。重要的廟宇前都有專開的尊敬靈通之道,稱“神道”。
萬仞宮墻。這道門是曲阜明城正南門,也是孔廟的第一道門,上懸“萬仞宮墻”四個大字,系清乾隆皇帝的御筆。它來源于孔子得意弟子子貢。魯國大會諸侯時,有人提出子貢的學問博大精深,可與孔子相提并論,子貢在場,馬上站起來說,我可不敢與俺老師孔子比,人的學問好比一堵墻,我這道墻只有一仞之高,俺老師的墻有數仞之多。就是說,我的學問等于一肩膀頭子高,一目了然沒什么深奧的;孔子的學問有我數倍之多,經過詳細的研究,全面的探討,才能了解他的全部,入了門以后,才能看到宗廟之美,在門外頭你是看不到的。后人為了形容孔子的學問高深,從夫子之墻數仞,到“百仞”、“千仞”到明代皇帝封孔子為“天下文官主,歷代帝王師”,封孔子學問有“萬仞”,贊頌孔子學問有一萬個八尺,往上看,看不到頂,亦說此墻深壁高壘非常堅固。這四個字原為明欽差所寫,乾隆為表示他對孔子的重視,親書“萬仞宮墻”換上了他的御筆。
金聲玉振坊。此坊建于明代,為表達孔子學問精湛而完美,如同奏樂的全過程,自始至終完整無缺。古樂是以敲鐘開始,鐘起“始條理也”,是擊磬告終,“玉振”為磬落的聲音,稱“終條理也”,贊揚孔子的學問是集先賢先圣之大成,所以稱“金聲而玉振也”,“金聲”鐘的聲音,始,“玉振”磬的聲音,終。這也是辦事要“有始有終”成語的來源。“金聲玉振”是明代大書法家胡纘宗題定的。
“二柏擔一孔”。過玉振坊這個單孔的石拱橋,東西各有一棵古柏,所以人稱“二柏擔一孔”。這橋名曰:“泮水橋”與行宮旁泮水池的水相通,因之演義為“盼水”。過去讀孔孟之書,考上高等學府叫“入盼”,做官的盼高升,做買賣盼發財,過日子盼興旺。
下馬碑。廟墻外東西各立一塊石碑,公元1191年專立的下馬碑,下轎碑。西邊的碑早毀壞,東邊這塊碑上寫“官員人等至此下馬”。過去文武官員、庶民百姓從此路過下轎下馬徒步而行,以示對孔子、孔廟的尊敬。
欞星門。明代所建,公元1754年重修,由木制改鐵石的。“欞星門”系乾隆御筆。相傳天上星系“有二十八宿”,其中,有個掌管文化的星叫“欞星”,又名“文曲星”、“天振星”,把孔子與天上管文化的星聯系起來,說文化方面他是最高的,如過去祭天,要先祭“文曲星”,有尊孔如尊天的說法。
太和元氣坊。這坊是明代公元1544年所建,極贊孔子的思想,主張如同“太空宇宙能哺育萬物。天地之合,四方之合,陰陽之合”,稱“太和”之氣是最基本的東西,宇宙之太和,人間之元氣。“太和元氣”系山東巡撫曾銑手書。
至圣廟坊。明代所建“至圣廟坊”,是漢白玉的,上飾火焰寶珠。
德侔天地,道冠古今。這道院的東西對襯各建一處很奇特的牌坊,木制角棱環繞,千頭萬續,下有八個怪獸,叫“天龍神獅”,相傳它威嚴靈感,可驅除邪惡,匡扶正義。東邊牌坊上書:“德侔天地”,說孔子的思想主張給人類的好處如同天高地厚,功德能同天地相比。西邊的牌坊上書“道冠古今”,贊孔子思想、辦法古今都是蓋世之冠。
圣時門。三門并列,四道臺皆同上,中央盤龍。此門命名來源于孟子,對古代四位圣人伯夷、伊尹、柳下惠、孔子,孟子把四圣人的圣跡歸納為四句話:伯夷圣之清者也,伊尹圣之任者也,柳下惠圣之和者也,孔子圣之時者也。“圣時”極贊孔子思想主張經久不衰,是適合時代的圣人。皇帝來曲阜朝孔要行“三跪九叩大禮”,走圣時門;歷代“衍圣公”出生時打開“圣時門”,除這兩種情況外,此門不輕易開啟。都走快覩門、仰高門。
快覩門,取先睹為快之意。就是說孔子的學問“五經四書”,誰先學誰先有文化,誰先學誰先有知識,爭相學習,以先見到先讀為快樂。
仰高門。根據顏回贊揚孔子的一段話命名的。顏回說,夫子之道,仰之彌高,鉆之彌堅。贊孔子學問向上看不到頂,叫“彌高”,學起來文言文很難懂,叫“彌堅”,高不是高不可攀,經過努力是完全可以學到的。顏回說“夫子循循然,善誘人,博我以文,說我以禮。”俺老師循循善誘,教我以文化,施我以禮節。
漢石人。仰高門里亭子里有兩位歷史價值很高的漢石人,一位是“亭長”,(漢代地方小官),一位府門之卒,都是魯王墓前守衛的。石人被歷代金石學家所重視,對研究漢代服裝和文字有重要價值。
金水橋,這道橋,同故宮前的橋同名,稱金水橋,又叫碧水橋,三孔排列,綠水蕩漾。
弘道門。過金水橋是明代皇帝欽定的“弘道門”,取“論語”中“人能弘道,非道弘人”之意。孔子是個普通文人,為什么成為圣人?贊孔子總結了先賢先圣的經驗,尤其弘揚了堯舜禹湯,文武周公之道。“人能弘道,說人能指揮創造一切,非道弘人,并不是一切指揮人,這是贊揚人的主觀能動性。”弘道門下有兩塊石碑,東邊的四棱碑是“曲阜歷代沿革志”記載了曲阜沿革變遷的歷史,元代所立,史料價值很高,西邊的是“處士先生墓志”,具有很高的書法價值。
大中門。大中門是宋代孔廟的大門,稱“中和門”,意為用孔子的思想處理問題都可迎刃而解。明代擴建廟改稱“大中門”,贊孔子的學問是集人類知識之大成,中,取“中庸”之意,“中者天下之正道,庸者天下之定理”,中不偏,庸不易。離開中者,就不是正道,成了邪道、歪門。就是說不左不右,公平正道,向前為中庸。大中門東西兩頭有角樓兩座是守衛孔廟用的。
同文門,四大名牌,孔廟圖。進入大中門里左右有四塊大碑。西邊的明弘治碑,講的綱常倫理。弘治碑右側有明代才子湖南長沙李東陽繪制的“孔廟圖”價值很高。
成化碑,是明代成化皇帝朱見深所立。有兩個情況引起歷代大家名人的注意。一是成化碑正楷字寫的好、規范化、標準化,精湛引人,字體筆法有“著稱于世”的評語;二是對孔子評價最高,歷代皇帝對孔子都有評說,評價最高的是成化皇帝,他把孔子的思想、辦法比作吃飯、穿衣、花錢,一天也離不開,有了孔子的道理和辦法,就能人盡其才,物盡其用,地盡其力,不然就亂套啦。說有孔子之道則有天下,沒孔子之道則無天下,反孔子之道則失天下。如碑文稱:“朕唯孔子之道,天下一日不可無焉,有孔子之道則綱常正而倫理明,萬物各得其所矣...,孔子之道之在天下如布帛粟菽,民生日用不可暫缺,...天生孔子縱之為圣,生之安行仁義中正,師道興起,從游三千,往圣是繼。”
同文門。取“人同心”字同文之意。是說同心協力,團結一致才能干好事業;文字要統一,有統一的文字才能記載歷史傳播經驗,隨意造字就會亂套。同文門是奎文閣前的重要屏障。
奎文閣,原為藏書樓,是收藏御賜書籍的地方。建于宋天禧二年(公元1018年),金章宗重修時改為“奎文閣”。這座獨特雄偉的建筑,完全是木質結構,在中國樓的建設上稱孤例。經過幾次地震,奎文閣沒有震毀。清康熙5年地震“十間房子倒者有九,存者有一,奎文閣巍然不動”。明代吏部尚書李東陽專寫了“奎文閣賦”,贊奎文閣的建筑研究價值。就是廊下東頭這塊碑。
樓閣前這東西兩院稱:“齋宿”,是祭祀人員齋戒、沐浴的地方。東院是衍圣公齋宿所,清康熙、乾隆祭孔時都在東齋宿盥洗。西院是從祭人員的齋宿。孔子七十一代孫孔昭薰將廟內宋、元、明、清五朝代拜孔廟碑130多塊集中鑲嵌在院墻上,故西齋宿又稱碑院。
十三碑亭。這是孔廟的第六進院落,亭內立有55塊碑,是唐、宋、金、元、明、清等朝代所立,其內容都是皇帝、欽差拜孔、對孔子的追謚、評價,歷次修孔廟的記載,有漢、滿、蒙、八思巴文等文字。南八北五,所以稱十三碑亭,因為都是經皇帝批準立的碑,因此又叫御碑亭。東起前排第三、六兩個亭子是金代所建,是我國現存不可多見的建筑。凡是用赑屭馱的碑都稱“御碑”。“赑屭”是吉祥物,傳說龍王有九子,它是第8子,它愛“文”,善于負重,石碑有文字而沉重適合其特點,形象應為龍頭、龜身、鷹腿、蛇尾。
東起北邊這第三個亭子是康熙皇帝立的碑。北京西山采的石頭經大運河,經濟南又運到這里。專家計算這幢碑13萬斤重,從濟寧沿途潑水凍了,在冰上滑過來的,有時一天只走臥牛之地。曲阜本有好石頭不用,要從北京運來,以示皇帝對孔子的重視。這院東南、西南各有一片碑碣都是王公大臣們修廟、拜孔的記載,書法價值很高。
這個院東西對襯各有一門,東為“毓粹門”,西是“觀德門”。俗稱東華門、西華門。
孔廟由這里起分為三路布局,這一道五門,中為“大成門”,左邊是“金聲門”,右邊是“玉振門”,再往西為“啟圣門”,再往東為“承圣門”。大成門的建筑結構是“犬牙交錯,勾心斗角”。中間插進為“勾心”,左右四角尖端相頂為“斗角”。大成門三字系雍正皇帝的御筆。贊孔子是集先圣先賢之大成,達到了至高無上的境界。
先師手植檜。大成門里左邊這棵挺拔蒼勁的檜樹,是孔夫子手植的。據記載:孔子在這里裁過三棵檜樹,金貞佑二年(公元1214年)毀于兵火,樹枯而又發新枝,曾“三枯三榮”,有“檜樹日茂孔氏日興”的說法。明萬歷年間才子楊光訓題寫了“先師手植檜”五個大字。
兩廡長廊。這兩側的對等兩排房子,共80間,稱“東西廡”,施奉七十二賢人的地方。孔子號稱弟子三千,身通六藝文武全才的七十二人,供奉在東西廡。歷代帝王都有封的配享先賢。如董仲舒、韓愈、王明陽、諸葛亮、寇準、岳飛等等。到民國年間已封到156名。最后一位先賢是梁啟超先生。原有塑像,牌位,后一律改為木制牌位。東西廡現在陳列的是收集的宋代以前的中貴石刻。周公訓子、蝙蝠行醫等,最為珍貴的國寶有漢魏朝碑刻22塊,書法價值特高的“禮器碑”、“乙瑛碑”、“史晨碑”、張猛龍碑“、米芾碑”等都是罕見的珍品。西廡陳列了100多塊“漢畫石刻”,都是久負盛名的藝術珍品,是研究漢、魏等歷史社會生活難得的珍貴資料。東廡北端陳列著584塊石刻,是孔子六十九代孫孔繼涑寫的玉虹樓法貼。
杏壇。這是為紀念孔子講學建的。孔子當初是在土臺上大杏樹下給弟子們講學。宋代公元1018年,孔子45代孔道輔監修孔廟時,將正殿后移擴建,在正殿舊址建亭,環植以杏,名曰“杏壇”。杏壇二字,是金代著名文人黨懷英篆書。亭內有乾隆皇帝御筆“杏壇贊”,這是他第一次來曲阜寫的。乾隆題寫的匾、對聯、條幅等在曲阜有50多處。
大成殿。這是孔廟的主殿,它和北京的故宮太和殿、泰安岱廟天貺殿并稱東方三大建筑,又稱東方三大殿。價值高歷史長的是大成殿。殿高24.8米,闊45.7米,深24.89米。四周環有28根用整個石頭雕成的龍柱,工藝精湛,造詣很深。尤其殿前廊10株深浮雕的滾龍柱實為世之罕見,10棵柱子20條龍,上下對翔,升騰盤繞戲一顆珠子,神態各異,無一雷同,越看越有動意,躍然石上栩栩如生。這是徽州工匠的杰作。皇帝來曲阜朝孔時,孔家都用黃綾把龍柱裹起來,不讓皇帝直接看到龍柱,因為超過了金鑾殿,怕皇帝不高興,加以責怪。其余18根柱是八棱的淺浮雕龍柱,一個棱面刻九條龍,每根柱子八個棱,八九72條龍共計雕刻1296條龍。這是罕見的石刻藝術瑰寶。總覽大成殿雄偉壯觀。
五圣十二先哲。大成殿內供奉著17尊像。
五大圣人。至圣孔子,意為圣人中的圣人,至高無上。孔夫子在中央,頭戴十二旒之冕,身穿十二章王服,手持震圭,威嚴肅穆,使人肅然起敬。兩側為四配:東邊是復圣顏子,述圣子思;西邊是宗圣曾子,亞圣孟子。東頭六位,西頭六位,稱十二先哲,有子貢、子路、冉求等11位孔子的弟子,有一位是宋朝朱熹,著名理學家,五經四書解釋的好,被封為先哲。“生民未有”的匾,是孟子贊孔子,說“生民未有盛于孔子也”。有人類以來,還沒有全面超過孔子的人,所以叫“生民未有”。“萬世師表”是康熙題寫,封孔子為“萬世皇帝之師,千古人類之表,皇帝的老師,做人的表率。”“斯文在茲”殊緒寫的,意為天下的文化都在這里。
寢殿。供奉孔子夫人亓官氏的專殿。是孔廟第三大建筑。亓官氏宋國人(河南商丘),19歲嫁孔子,后生子孔鯉,賢妻良母,早孔子7年去世,被封“至圣先師夫人”,同孔子一樣享受祭祀。寢殿周圍28根石柱上雕鳳凰,每條柱子刻鳳凰72只,同龍的數量一樣,叫龍鳳呈祥。
圣跡殿。以石刻連環畫的形式記載了孔子的事跡。有120塊文圖并茂的石刻,是孔子后代同明代巡撫御史何出光主持修建的。由吳郡著名畫工章草繪畫刻石,鑲在殿內墻上。是我國第一部人、文兼有的完整的連環畫。有很高的歷史和藝術價值。殿正面“萬世師表”為康熙御筆,正中孔子大司冠像是唐代大畫家吳道子畫的。殿東頭是康熙朝孔的御碑,西頭有晉代名畫家顧愷之畫的孔子行教像,習稱“夫子小影”最接近孔子的面貌特征。還有宋代大家米芾的贊孔子的小篆:“孔子孔子大哉孔子,子以前既無孔子,孔子以后更無孔子,孔子孔子大哉孔子”。明確的說,孔子偉大啊!無與倫比,空前絕后!
孔廟西路是祭禮孔子父母的地方。其父叔梁紇,母顏征在,皇帝封為啟圣王和啟圣王夫人,建有啟圣王殿、寢殿、金絲堂等建筑。
孔廟的東路,前后兩部分,前院是孔子故宅,有“孔宅故井”,孔子九代孫孔鮒藏書的地方名“魯壁”,現在看到的經書,立頭功的應為“魯壁”。為紀念孔子教育其子讀書建了“詩禮堂”,孔子說“不學詩無以言,不字禮無以立”,意為不學詩不會講話,不學禮不懂得如何立身事。詩禮堂內有著名雕刻家石可先生刻制的仿漢畫石刻“圣跡圖”。后院是崇圣祠、五代祠,祭祀孔子上五代祖先的祠堂。
各位先生,孔廟似歷史的、知識的學堂,因時間有限,咱們只看了主要的,我是厄要介紹的。孔子是圣人,也是偉大的旅游家,周游列國14年,宣傳他修身、齊家、治國平天下的學問,收集了寶貴的資料。有關圣人的遺跡很多,很值得一看。我們相處時間雖短,可友誼長存,盼望各位有機會再來曲阜觀光,我們一定很好地服務。
孔廟就看到這里,謝謝大家的合作,歡迎您再來。
三孔導游詞 篇16
Dear guests
Hello! Entrusted by the tourism and reception departments, I would like toextend a warm welcome to all the guests visiting Qufu, a famous city. I am veryglad to be accompanied by a tour guide. This is a good opportunity for us toenjoy and study together. Please leave your valuable comments after reading.
First of all, I would like to briefly introduce the history and culturalrelics of Qufu.
Qufu, a famous historical and cultural city, is the hometown of Confucius,a great thinker, educator, politician, literature arranger and sage of the worldin ancient China, the hometown of Mencius, the birthplace of Xuanyuan YellowEmperor, the ancestor of the Chinese nation, the capital of Yan Emperor, thehometown of Shang and Yin, and the capital of Lu. Four of the three emperors andfive emperors lived and worked here for more than 5000 years. There are abundanttreasures underground and numerous cultural relics on the ground. At present,there are 112 cultural relics, including UN protected units, 3 World CulturalHeritage sites, 4 national protected sites, 12 provincial protected sites, andothers protected at prefecture level.
The most important ones are "three Confucius, two temples and onemausoleum", "three mountains, two forests and one temple". Confucius Temple,Confucius Mansion and Confucius forest are commonly known as "three Confucius".There are temples dedicated to Zhou Gong, the sage of the Yuan Dynasty in China,and temples dedicated to Fusheng Yanhui, the first disciple of Confucius, whichare commonly known as "two temples"; Yiling is SHAOHAO mausoleum in Shouqiu, thebirthplace of Yellow Emperor; Sanshan; and Jiuxian mountain (also known asJiushan), the birthplace of Confucius. The second forest is: mengmulin, the bestmother to educate children in the world, lianggonglin, the burial place ofConfucius' parents; "Yisi" is the place where Li Bai and Du Fu wrote poems,answered correctly and parted. The famous scholar Kong Shangren lived inseclusion in Shimen temple, the national garden.
Now let's look at the Confucius Temple.
Confucius Temple, also known as Zhisheng temple, is a place for offeringsacrifices to Confucius and his wife Qi Guan and 72 sages. Together with theForbidden City in Beijing and Chengde summer resort in Hebei, Confucius Templeis known as China's three major ancient architectural complexes. Experts saidfour words to Confucius Temple: the oldest, the most grand, the most completepreservation, and the most prominent Oriental architectural features. Twoproblems can be seen from the Confucius Temple: one is the great contribution ofConfucius to China and even the oriental culture; the other is that China hascraftsmen in history.
Confucius Temple was built in 478 BC, the year after Confucius died. In theformer residence of Confucius, three temples were built to display Confucius'clothes, cars, books and so on. The Confucius Temple was expanded by emperors ofall dynasties, including 15 major repairs, 31 medium repairs and hundreds ofminor repairs, reaching the present scale. The Confucius Temple imitates theimperial palace. It is divided into three layout, nine courtyards. It has 466houses and 54 gates and pavilions. It runs through a central axis from east towest. There are nearly one thousand steles, covering an area of 327.5 mu, whichis two Li and 150 meters long. The Confucius Temple we see now is the scale ofthe Hongzhi period of the Ming Dynasty. After liberation, the state allocatedfunds for maintenance and protection for many times. The first batch of nationalkey cultural relic protection units announced by China were listed as worldcultural heritage in December 1994, and became cultural relic units protected bythe United Nations. Confucius Temple has been built for a long time, has a largescale, and is completely preserved, which is rare in the world.
Shinto. "Wanren palace wall" before the ancient cypress vigorous thissection of the road is "Shinto". In front of important temples, there is aspecial way of respecting and understanding, which is called "Shinto".
Wanren palace wall. This gate is the South Gate of Ming City in Qufu, andit is also the first gate of Confucius Temple. It is hung with the fourcharacters of "Wanren palace wall", which was written by Emperor Qianlong ofQing Dynasty. It comes from Zi Gong, the proud disciple of Confucius. At themeeting of the state of Lu, it was proposed that Zigong's knowledge was broadand profound, which could be compared with Confucius. Zigong stood upimmediately and said, I dare not compare with my teacher Confucius. Humanknowledge is like a wall. My wall is only one Ren high, and my teacher's wall isseveral Ren high. That is to say, my knowledge is equal to a shoulder high,clear at a glance, nothing profound; Confucius' knowledge is several times asmuch as mine, after detailed research, comprehensive discussion, we canunderstand all of him, after entering the door, we can see the beauty of thetemple, you can't see it outside the door. In order to describe Confucius'profound knowledge, later generations changed from the master's wall to "hundredRen" and "thousand Ren" to the emperor of Ming Dynasty who granted Confucius thetitle of "civil servant in the world, imperial teacher of all dynasties", andpraised Confucius' knowledge as "ten thousand Ren". Looking up, we can't see thetop. It also said that the wall was very solid. These four words were originallywritten by the imperial envoy of Ming Dynasty. In order to show that he attachedgreat importance to Confucius, Qianlong replaced his imperial pen with hispersonal letter "Wanren palace wall".
Jin Sheng Yu Zhen Fang. This workshop was built in Ming Dynasty to expressConfucius' exquisite and perfect knowledge, just like the whole process ofplaying music, which is complete from beginning to end. Ancient music beginswith the ringing of a bell, which starts with the sound of "the beginning oforder" and ends with the striking of a chime. The sound of "jade vibration" isthe sound of the falling of the chime, which is called "the end of order".Praising Confucius' knowledge is a great achievement of the sages and sages, soit is called "the sound of gold and the sound of jade vibration". The sound of"golden sound" is the sound of the bell, which starts with the sound of "jadevibration" and ends with the sound of the chime. This is also the source of theidiom "start and finish". "Jin Sheng Yu Zhen" was written by Hu zuanzong, agreat calligrapher in Ming Dynasty.
"Two cypresses bear one hole". There is an ancient cypress in the East andwest of the single hole stone arch bridge passing yuzhenfang, so it is called"two cypresses bear one hole". This bridge is called "Panshui bridge", which isconnected with the water in the pan pool beside the palace, so it is called "panwater". In the past, when I read the book of Confucius and Mencius, I wasadmitted to higher education, which is called "entering hope". Officials hope tobe promoted, do business, hope to get rich, and live a prosperous life.
Dismount monument. Outside the temple wall, there are two stone tablets,the Xiama tablet and Xiajiao tablet, which were set up in 1191 ad. The stele inthe West had been destroyed, and the stele in the East said, "officials andpeople wait to get off here.". In the past, civil and military officials andcommon people passed by, dismounted and walked on foot to show respect forConfucius and Confucius Temple.
Lattice star gate. It was built in the Ming Dynasty and rebuilt in 1754 ad.it was made of wood instead of iron and stone. "Lingxingmen" was written byEmperor Qianlong. It is said that there are twenty-eight constellations in thesky. Among them, there is a star in charge of culture called "Lingxing", alsoknown as "Wenqu star" and "tianzhenxing". It connects Confucius with the star incharge of culture in the sky and says that he is the highest in culture. Forexample, in the past, when worshiping heaven, we should first worship "Wenqustar". There is a saying that respecting Confucius is like respectingheaven.
Taihe Yuanqi square. This workshop was built in 1544 A.D. in the MingDynasty. It highly praises Confucius's idea that "the space universe can nurtureall things.". "The harmony of heaven and earth, the harmony of the four sides,the harmony of yin and Yang" is the most basic thing, the harmony of theuniverse and the vitality of the human world. "Taihe Yuanqi" is written by ZengMian, governor of Shandong Province.
The most holy temple. The "Zhisheng Temple Square" built in the MingDynasty is made of white marble, decorated with flame jewels.
The world of moral Mou, the road crown ancient and modern. The East andwest of the Taoist temple are lined with a very strange memorial archway.Surrounded by wooden corner edges, there are a thousand heads and ten thousandcontinuations. There are eight monsters under it, which are called "Heavendragon and God lion". It is said that it is dignified and inspired, which candrive away evil and uphold justice. In the eastern memorial archway, it waswritten: "demou heaven and earth", saying that the benefits of Confucius' ideasto human beings are as high as heaven and earth, and the merits and virtues canbe compared with heaven and earth. The memorial archway in the West reads"Daoguan ancient and modern", praising Confucius' thoughts and methods, whichare the highest in the world.
Holy time gate. The three gates are parallel, the four platforms are thesame as above, and the central Panlong. The name of this gate comes fromMencius. For the four ancient sages, Boyi, Yiyin, liuxiahui and Confucius,Mencius summed up the Four Saints' holy deeds into four sentences: Boyi is thesage of the Qing Dynasty, Yiyin is the sage of the appointed, liuxiahui is thesage of the sum, and Confucius is the sage of the time. "Shengshi" highlypraises Confucius' thought, advocates enduring, and is a sage suitable for thetimes. When the emperor came to Qufu to court Confucius, he had to kneel downthree times and knock nine times, and walk through the gate of holy time. WhenYan Shenggong was born, he opened the gate of holy time. All go fast, the gateis high.
Let's have a quick look at the gate. That is to say, Confucius' knowledgeof "Five Classics and four books" means that those who learn first have culturefirst, and those who learn first have knowledge first. They compete to learn,and it is a pleasure to see first and read first.
Look up at the door. It was named after Yan Hui's praise of Confucius. YanHui said that the teacher's way is to raise the top and drill the bottom. PraiseConfucius for his lack of knowledge, which is called "Mi Gao". It is difficultto understand classical Chinese, which is called "Mi Jian". Gao is notunattainable, but can be learned through hard work. Yan Hui said, "the masterfollowed the rules and was good at attracting people. He learned from me inwriting and said that I was polite." My teacher is good at persuasion, teachingme culture and courtesy.
Han stone man. In the pavilion of yanggaomenli, there are two Han stonepeople with high historical value. One is the "Pavilion leader" (a localofficial of Han Dynasty), and the other is the pawn of the palace gate. They areall guards in front of the tomb of the king of Lu. The stone man is valued bythe ancient scholars of epigraphy, which is of great value to the study of HanDynasty clothing and writing.
Jinshui bridge, this bridge, with the same name as the bridge in front ofthe Forbidden City, is also called Jinshui bridge, also known as Bishui bridge,with three holes arranged in a row and green water rippling.
Hongdaomen. Crossing jinshuiqiao is the "hongdaomen" appointed by theemperor of Ming Dynasty, which means "people can promote Taoism, not Taoism" inthe Analects of Confucius. Confucius is an ordinary literati, why become asaint? Praise Confucius summed up the experience of sages, especially carryforward the Yao, Shun, Yu Tang, civil and military Zhou Gong's way. "To say thatpeople can command and create everything is to praise people's subjectiveinitiative." There are two stone tablets under the Hongdao gate. The four edgedstone tablet in the East is the "history of Qufu", which records the history ofQufu's evolution. It was established in the Yuan Dynasty and has high historicalvalue. In the west is the "epitaph of Mr. Chushi", which has high calligraphyvalue.
Big middle gate. Dazhongmen is the gate of Confucius Temple in SongDynasty. It is called "Zhonghe gate", which means that problems can be solvedeasily with Confucius' thoughts. In the Ming Dynasty, the temple was renamed as"the great gate of the middle", praising Confucius' knowledge as a collection ofhuman knowledge. In the middle, it means "the right way of the world in themiddle, the theorem of the world in the middle". Those who leave the middle arenot the right way, but the evil way. That is to say, no left, no right, fair andjust, forward is the mean. There are two turrets at the East and West ends ofDazhong gate, which are used to guard the Confucius Temple.
Tongwenmen, four famous brands, Confucian temple. There are four monumentsin the middle gate. The tablet of Hongzhi in the west of the Ming Dynasty talksabout the ethics of the cardinal principles. On the right side of the Hongzhimonument is the "Confucian temple map" drawn by Li Dongyang, a talented man ofthe Ming Dynasty in Changsha, Hunan Province, which is of high value.
Chenghua stele was erected by Zhu Jianshen, the emperor of Chenghua in MingDynasty. There are two situations that have attracted the attention ofcelebrities of all ages. First, Chenghua tablet's regular script is wellwritten, standardized, exquisite and attractive; The second is the highestevaluation of Confucius. Emperors of all dynasties have commented on Confucius.The highest evaluation is emperor Chenghua. He compares Confucius' ideas andmethods to eating, dressing and spending money. One day is inseparable fromthem. With Confucius' principles and methods, one can make the best use of one'stalents, materials and land. Otherwise, it will be a mess. It is said that ifthere is Confucius' way, there will be a world. If there is no Confucius' way,there will be no world. If there is anti Confucius' way, there will be no world.Such as the inscription said: "I only have Confucius's way, the world can not bewithout Yan, there is Confucius's way, then the principle of justice and ethics,everything has its own place..., Confucius's way in the world, such as cloth SuShu, people's livelihood daily use can not be short of,... Born Confuciusvertical for the holy, life's safety, benevolence and righteousness in theright, the rise of the teacher's way, from travel 3000, to the holy is thenext."
Tongwenmen. The meaning of the word "human heart" is the same as that ofthe text. That is to say, only with concerted efforts and unity can we do a goodjob; the writing should be unified, only with unified writing can we record theexperience of historical communication, and random writing will lead toconfusion. Tongwen gate is an important barrier in front of Kuiwen Pavilion.
Kuiwen Pavilion, originally a library, is a place for collecting booksgranted by the emperor. It was built in the second year of emperor Tianxi ofSong Dynasty (A.D. 1018), and was changed into "kuiwenge" when Jin Zhangzongrebuilt it. This unique and majestic building is entirely of wood structure,which is an isolated example in the construction of China building. Afterseveral earthquakes, kuiwenge was not destroyed. In the earthquake of Kangxi 5years in Qing Dynasty, "nine out of ten houses fell, one out of ten remained,and kuiwenge remained motionless.". Li Dongyang, the Minister of the Ministry ofofficial in Ming Dynasty, wrote "kuiwenge Fu", praising the architecturalresearch value of kuiwenge. It's the stele at the east end of the corridor.
In front of the pavilion, the eastern and Western courtyards are called"zhaisu", which is a place for worshippers to fast and bathe. Dongyuan is theresidence of Yan Shenggong, where Kangxi and Qianlong spent their time to wash.The West courtyard is the shelter of the sacrificial staff. Kong zhaoxun, theseventy-one generation grandson of Confucius, inlaid more than 130 steles in thetemple for worshiping Confucius in the song, yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties onthe wall of the courtyard, so xizhaisu is also known as the stele courtyard.
Thirteen stele pavilions. This is the sixth courtyard of the ConfuciusTemple. There are 55 steles in the pavilion, which were erected in Tang, song,Jin, yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties. The contents of the steles are the emperors,Imperial Envoys' worship of Confucius, the posthumous title and evaluation ofConfucius. The records of the previous construction of the Confucius Temple arewritten in Han, Manchu, Mongolian and basiba languages. Eight in the South andfive in the north, so it is called thirteen stele pavilions. Because they areall steles approved by the emperor, they are also called imperial stelepavilions. The third and sixth pavilions in the front row from the East werebuilt in the Jin Dynasty and are rare buildings in China. All the steles arecalled "imperial steles". "Mian" is the mascot. It is said that the Dragon Kinghas nine sons, and it is the eighth son. It loves "Wen" and is good at carryingheavy loads. The stone tablet has heavy characters, which is suitable for itscharacteristics. The image should be the dragon head, turtle body, Eagle leg andsnake tail.
From the east to the north, the third Pavilion is a monument erected byEmperor Kangxi. Beijing Xishan stone by the Grand Canal, economic South andtransported here. Experts calculate that the monument weighs 130000 Jin. It wassplashed with water and frozen along the way from Jining. Sometimes it came overon the ice and only went to the land of lying cattle one day. Qufu originallyhad good stones, which should be transported from Beijing to show the emperor'sattention to Confucius. There are two steles in the southeast and southwest ofthe courtyard, all of which are the records of the princes and ministers whobuilt temples and worshipped Confucius. The calligraphy value is very high.
There is one gate in the East and one in the west, Yucui gate in the Eastand Guande gate in the West. Commonly known as Donghuamen, xihuamen.
From here, the Confucius Temple is divided into three routes. The fivegates are Dacheng gate, Jinsheng gate on the left, Yuzhen gate on the right,Qisheng gate on the West and Chengsheng gate on the East. The architecturalstructure of dachengmen is "intertwined, intriguing". The center is inserted as"hook center", and the top of the left and right four corners is "bucket angle".The three characters of dachengmen were written by Emperor Yongzheng. PraiseConfucius is a collection of sages and sages, reached the supreme realm.
The first teacher planted juniper by hand. The tall and vigorous cypresstree on the left of Dacheng gate was planted by Confucius. According to records:Confucius cut three cypress trees here. In the second year of Jin Zhenyou (A.D.1214), they were destroyed by fire. The trees withered and sprouted newbranches. There were "three withers and three glories", and there was a sayingthat "cypress trees were flourishing every day.". During the Wanli period of theMing Dynasty, Yang Guangxun, a gifted scholar, wrote five characters: "the firstteacher planted cypress by hand.".
Two long corridors. On both sides of the two equal rows of houses, a totalof 80, known as the "East and West veranda", is dedicated to 72 sages. Confuciusis known as a disciple of three thousand, 72 people who are proficient in sixarts, literature and martial arts, worshipped in the East and West. All theemperors of the past dynasties were entitled to the sages. Such as DongZhongshu, Han Yu, Wang Mingyang, Zhuge Liang, Kou Zhun, Yue Fei and so on. Bythe time of the Republic of China, there were 156. The last sage is Mr. LiangQichao. The original statues and tablets were changed to wooden tablets.Dongxiwu now displays a collection of Zhonggui stone carvings before the SongDynasty. The most precious national treasures of Zhou gongxunzi and batpracticing medicine are 22 stone inscriptions of Han and Wei dynasties. The"ritual stele", "Yiying stele", "Shichen stele", "Zhang Menglong stele" and "MiFu stele" with extremely high calligraphy value are rare treasures. There aremore than 100 pieces of "Han Dynasty stone carvings" on display in Xiwu. Theyare all well-known art treasures and precious materials for the study of Han,Wei and other historical and social life. There are 584 stone inscriptions ondisplay at the north end of the East veranda, which are the yuhonglou sutraswritten by Kong Jisu, the 69 generation grandson of Confucius.
Apricot altar. It was built in memory of Confucius' lecture. Confucius wasteaching to his disciples on the platform under the big apricot tree. In 1018A.D. of Song Dynasty, Confucius had 45 generations
三孔導游詞 篇17
The reason why Qufu is famous all over the world is closely related to thename of Confucius. Confucius is one of the greatest philosophers in the worldand the founder of Chinese Confucianism. In the long history of more than 20__years, Confucian culture has gradually become the orthodox culture of China, andhas influenced the countries in East and Southeast Asia, and has become thecornerstone of the whole oriental culture. Qufu's Confucius Mansion, ConfuciusTemple and Confucius forest, collectively referred to as "three Confucius", is asymbol of China's history of commemorating Confucius and advocatingConfucianism. It is famous for its rich cultural heritage, long history, grandscale, rich cultural relics collection and scientific and artistic value.Because of its prominent position in Chinese history and oriental culture, it ishonored as one of the three holy cities in the world.
The original name of Confucius Mansion is Yansheng mansion. Located in theeast of Confucius Temple, it is the office of Confucius' eldest grandson. LiuBang, the emperor of the Han Dynasty, offered sacrifices to Confucius' tomb andmade Confucius' ninth grandson the king of worship, representing the state. Inthe Song Dynasty, it was granted the title of Yan Shenggong. In the 10th year ofHongwu in Ming Dynasty, an independent Yansheng government was established.There are more than 480 buildings, halls and halls. The former is the governmentoffice, and the latter is the inner house. There are famous Confucius archivesand a large number of cultural relics in the mansion.
Confucius' mansion, known as "the first house in the world", is theresidence of Confucius' lineage for a long time. It is also a typical buildingof the combination of government office and inner residence in Chinese feudalsociety. After the death of Confucius, the descendants of Confucius lived nextto the temple for generations to take care of the relics of Confucius. By theend of the Northern Song Dynasty, the houses of the descendants of Confucius hadbeen expanded to dozens. By the Jin Dynasty, the descendants of Confucius hadalways been in the east of the temple. With the promotion of Confucius' officialposition and the improvement of his title, the buildings of Confucius' mansionhad been expanded to the present scale in the song, Ming and Qing Dynasties. Nowthe Confucius Mansion covers an area of about 7.4 hectares, with 480 ancientbuildings, nine courtyards in front and back, and three roads in the middle,East and West.
The gate of Confucius' mansion is a five purlin hanging mountain stylebuilding, and the plaque reads "Shengfu" written by Yan Song of Ming Dynasty.There is a couplet on both sides of the door, which is "the same day as thestate and Xianxiu, an Fu and Zunrong mansion, and the old article" moral sagefamily ". The word" Fu "is a little less, which means" wealth without a head ",and the word" Zhang "is vertical to the top, which means" the article reachesheaven ". This couplet summarizes the style of" sage family "for thousands ofyears.
Following the example of the six ministries of the feudal dynasty, theConfucius government set up six halls. On both sides of the two gates, they wereGuangou hall, Baihu hall, classics hall, sile hall, Zhiyin hall, Zhangshu halland public administration hall. Ming Dynasty building, a total of five deepthree, spacious and generous, for the year read the edict, meet officials, trialof major cases.
The Confucius Mansion covers an area of 240 mu, with 463 halls, halls,buildings and rooms. Nine into the courtyard, three road layout: the east roadis the east school, jianyiguan hall, muen hall, Kongs family temple andworkshops; the west road is the west school, hongyuxuan, Zhongshu hall, Anhuaihall and Huating hall; the main part of the Confucius Mansion is in the MiddleRoad, the front is the government office, the front is three halls and sixhalls, the back is the inner house, the front upper room, the front and backhall, the auxiliary building, the back six rooms, and finally the garden.
三孔導游詞 篇18
山東,中國古老文化的發祥地之一,這片偉大的土地不僅有名山大川、碧波萬頃,而且在漫長的文明歷史發展過程中孕育了非常燦爛的文明。山東的名勝古跡、山水風光舉不勝舉。
各位游客、各位先生、小姐,一路辛苦了,歡迎您來孔廟。
尊敬的游客朋友,女士們,先生們,你們好!歡迎各位來到孔子的家鄉曲阜參觀游覽,同時也感謝您選擇我作為您此次游覽的向導。我是曲阜旅行社的導游員張某,大家可以叫我小張或者張導。孔子有句名言:“有朋自遠方來,不亦樂乎。”下面就讓我懷著結識新朋友的欣喜心情,為大家提供導游服務。
孔廟是祭祀孔子的禮制廟宇。孔子是我國春秋末期著名的思想家、教育家,被尊為儒家學派的創始人。據記載,孔子生而首上圩頂,似尼丘山之形,故因名丘,字仲尼。
孔子在一生艱辛探索的社會實踐中,深入了解和認識了當時社會,逐步創立了儒家思想的基本體系,成為當時著名的政治理論家、教育家、思想家。他創立的儒學思想在中國乃至世界歷史上都有著很大的影響。孔子死后第二年(公元前478年),魯哀公將孔子生前所居之堂改做“壽堂”,房屋三間,里面陳列著孔子使用過的“衣、冠、琴、車、書”,“因以為廟,歲時奉祀”,即每年按時祭祀。盡管當時孔子已是相當知名的學術大師,但儒家還只是一個學派,孔子的地位不高,所以最初的孔廟也僅僅是孔子的故居。漢代以后,孔子及儒學地位逐漸提高。
據記載,從公元220xx年到解放前,孔廟先后重修擴建七十多次:歷經兩千余年的歷代重修擴充,便得曲阜孔廟形成了規模宏大的古代建筑群。共占地約14萬平方米,殿堂閣廡466間,門坊54座,碑亭17座。規模之大,與北京故宮、承德避暑山莊并稱為全國三大古建筑群。
孔廟的總體布局是由孔子當年的故居長期發展而來的,至今已有二千四百余年的歷史。孔廟建筑發展追求的建筑效果是通過建筑群整體所造成的環境去烘托孔子的豐功偉績和儒學圣教的高深博大來完成的。因此,孔廟建筑的藝術表現力首先是它的總體布局及建筑序列的完整性;其次是它的個體建筑的處理及每道院落的格局,每個殿、堂、樓、門、亭都充分顯示出了各自的重要作用;第三是個體建筑的細微方面,充分體現了我國古代建筑家們在設計和施工方面的無與倫比的建筑藝術成就。在整體建筑方面,孔廟采用古代傳統的宮庭式建筑形式。但它經過歷史上的多次重修擴建,每當重修擴建的時候,它必然要受到前代孔廟建筑形制、規模等因素限制,然而,孔廟的建筑群體最終成功地利用了先代遺產,既體現了歷史遺產的延續,又保持了它的總體的完整性。這種獨特的建筑形制是由多種因素促成的。首先,孔廟是孔子故宅擴建而成的,它保存了許多有關孔子的古跡,如故宅井、詩禮堂、魯壁、金絲堂以及為紀念孔子講學建造的杏壇等;其次是王者宗廟因素,如門戟之制,前殿后寢之制等;第三是宮庭因素,如天子五門之制,王城角樓之制,東、西華門等;第四是宗族家廟因素,如啟圣殿、崇圣祠、家廟等;第五是祭祀因素,在孔廟被祭祀者除孔子、四配、十二哲外,還有先賢先儒、祖先等總數達二百余人,這樣為容納大批的從祀者神位,就須得設立廊廡,由此便形成了廊廡院落。除以上幾個因素外,還突出地表現了孔子的圣人地位及孔孟之道的神圣性,如泮池、璧水、牌坊等,并以書樓象征孔子在學術方面的偉大成就。孔廟成功地運用了傳統的庭院組合與環境烘托相結合的表現手法,達到了渲染孔子在學術上、教育上的卓越貢獻和在古代社會中崇高地位的目的,是中國古代建筑群中別具一格的建筑形制。
孔廟內現有古樹一千二百余棵,與宏偉的建筑群相互輝映,特別是夏季,上千只鷺鳥居住在古木之上,形成了孔廟又一獨特的景觀,鷺鳥已被曲阜市定為市鳥。
萬仞宮墻
金聲玉振坊
金聲玉振坊建于明代嘉靖十七年(公元1538年),“金聲玉振”四字為明代學者胡纘宗手跡,坊上有平面淺雕云龍戲珠,柱頂各設圓雕“辟邪”一只,俗稱“朝天吼”,坊后有一座單孔石橋,上設龍陛,名曰“泮水橋”,橋下泮水原上游接古泮池,下游流經明城正南門西水門入護城河。此橋建于清康熙十六年(公元1677年)。
“金聲玉振”四字出自《孟子·萬章下》,孟子說:“孔子之謂集大成。集大成也者,金聲而玉振之也。金聲也者,始條理也,玉振之也者,終條理也。”意思是說孔子集圣賢之大成,始終而一。“金聲”原意是指我國古代樂器“鐘”發出的聲音,“玉振”原意是指我國古代樂器“磬”發出的聲音,在古代奏樂時以擊“鐘”為始,擊“磬”為終,金聲玉振的原意為一首完善的樂曲。孟子將孔子思想比喻為一首完美無缺的樂曲,在這里借用孟子語意,是說孔子思想完美無缺,集古圣賢之大成,以達到絕頂的意思。
欞星門
欞星門建于明代永樂十三年(公元1420xx年),原為木質結構,清代乾隆十九年(公元1754年),衍圣公孔昭煥重修孔廟時,換成石柱鐵梁。四根石柱頂端為四大天將,中間平梁上是火焰寶珠,以象征此門由天將守衛而成為參天立地的天門。
欞星,即天田星,最早見于史料的有漢高祖命祀靈星,凡祭天先祭靈星,古人認為靈星“主得士之慶”,專門管官的星。宋仁宗天圣六年(公元1020xx年),筑郊臺外垣置靈星門,即在祭天之臺的外墻置靈星門,形如窗欞,故曰“欞”。孔廟設欞星門,意為祀孔如祀天,此見于宋《景定建康志》、《金陵新志》所記。另外,孔廟有碑記:置欞星門“取其疏通之意,以納天下士”,無論任何地方,只要設有欞星門,那么它的門扇一定是由欞子結構而成,因此有疏通之意,孔廟取此意,以招引天下的文人學士都來學于此。
欞星門外東西兩側,各有一幢下馬碑,上刻“官員人等至此下馬”,在封建社會,所有來曲阜祭孔的官員,無論職位高低,來到孔廟前見到此碑,須文官下轎,武官下馬,以示對孔子的尊崇之意。此碑始立于金明昌二年(公元1191年),現僅存東面一幢。
太和元氣坊
太和元氣坊建于明代嘉靖二十三年(公元1544年),全為石質結構。“太和元氣”四字為當時山東巡撫曾銑手書。
“太和”指天地、日月、陰陽會合之氣,“元氣”原意為形成世界的原始物質,后來,一些唯物主義者將“金、木、水、火、土”這五行稱為“原氣”,世界上萬事、萬物都是由五行構成。在這里,“元氣”為天地、日月、陰陽會合之氣,是生長萬物的根本。“太和元氣”也就是說孔子思想體現了整個人類思想最精華、最高貴的一面,如同天地生育萬物一般,能使人類思想到達一種至高無上的境地。
太和元氣坊后為“至圣廟”坊,原名為“宣圣廟”坊,始建年代未查到記載,明弘治十六年(公元1520xx年)的廟圖上已有“宣圣廟”坊。清雍正七年(公元1720xx年)改“宣圣廟”為“至圣廟”。此坊為漢白玉石質。“至”即至高無上的意思。
“德侔天地、道冠古今”意思是說孔子對人類做出的貢獻如天地一樣大,孔子思想是空前絕后,無論古今還是將來,都是至高無上的。
圣時門
圣時門原為孔廟正門,建于明代永樂十三年(公元1420xx年),弘治十二年(公元1499年)擴建,清雍正八年(公元1730年)清世宗賜名為“圣時門”。此門建于高臺之上,前后御道上各有浮雕云龍戲珠石陛,系明代雕刻。“圣時門”三字為清高宗乾隆手書。
“圣時”二字出自《孟子·萬章下》,孟子將中國古代的四位圣人做了比較后指出:“伯夷,圣之清者也;伊尹,圣之任者也;柳下惠,圣之和者也;孔子,圣之時者也”。認為伯夷反對武王滅紂,不食周粟而死,為圣之清者;伊尹,幫助湯滅夏桀,湯死后輔佐外丙,仲壬死后立湯孫太甲即位,因太甲破壞湯法,被伊尹放逐,三年后太甲悔過,又被伊尹接回復位,孟子稱伊尹為圣之任者;柳下惠是春秋時期魯國大夫,他曾三次被貶黜而仍留任,人問他為什么不離開,他回答說:“直道而事人,焉往而不三黜?枉道而事人,何必去父母之邦?”后來,齊攻魯,他派人到齊勸說退兵,沒用一兵一卒,就退了齊軍,所以孟子說他是圣之和者。通過比較,孟子認為孔子是圣之時者,終始而一的圣人,是最適合時代的圣人,無論任何一個時期,任何一個朝代,孔子思想都應成為正統思想。
璧水橋
進來圣時門,豁然洞開,很大的方形庭院內,古木參天,芳草如茵,東西對稱各有一腰門,對面三架拱橋掩跨璧水,半掩著弘道大門,加之石制盆景上綴,使人心曠神怡,無不動情,頓覺進入了“神”的境界。崇圣者仰之彌高,觀覽者先睹為快。與此情此景相連接,東邊腰門曰“快睹”,西邊腰門曰“仰高”。“快睹”寓先睹為快之意,“仰高”則出自《論語·子罕》。“仰之彌高,鉆之彌堅”意說孔子之道高深不可測,抬頭向上看,越看越高,學習孔子的思想學說,一旦入進門來,才感到里面的東西學無止境。此二門建于明代弘治十二年(公元1499年)。過去只有皇帝祭祀才可走正門,一般人只能從仰高門進廟。
前面一水橫穿,三橋縱跨,環水有雕刻石欄,因水“壅繞如璧”取名“璧水”。北京天安門前有金水,這里設“璧水”意為孔子廟宇與皇宮等同,三橋因而得名璧水橋。始建于明代永樂十三年(公元1420xx年),明弘治十二年(公元1499年)增添石欄,河身砌有河底,原河上為小墻,清康熙十六年(公元1677年)將小墻改為石欄桿。
弘道門
弘道門始建于明代洪武十年(公元1377年),原門三間,當時是孔廟的正門。明弘治年間重修孔廟時,改建為五間。清代雍正八年(公元1730年),雍正皇帝欽定為“弘道門”,后由乾隆皇帝題寫“弘道”二字豎匾立于門額。
弘道門下現有石碑兩幢,東碑是元代刻成的“曲阜縣歷代沿革志”,記載了曲阜在元代以前的歷史沿革概況,具有較高的史料價值。西碑是元代“處士王先生墓志銘”,頗有書法價值。二碑原立于曲阜城東舊縣村,1964年移入孔廟。
大中門
大中門是宋代孔廟的正門,始建于宋代,明弘治十二年(公元1499年)重修。“大中門”三字匾額系清高宗乾隆手書。
大中門兩側各有綠瓦拐角樓一座,各三間,平面作曲尺形,建在方形高臺之上,這兩個角樓與孔廟后面東西兩角樓形成的矩形輪廓,即是元代孔廟的輪廓。孔廟內的主要建筑物都在此輪廓之內。角樓建于元至順二年(公元1331年)。孔廟設角樓是仿照宮庭皇城角樓之制而建成的,意使孔廟像皇宮一樣威嚴。
同文門始建于宋代,原為三間,明代成化年間擴為五間。清康熙年間名曰“參同門”,清雍正七年(公元1720xx年)改為同文門。此門是一獨門,左右無墻。以前中國傳統的宮殿式建筑,在主體建筑之前常有小型建筑作為屏障,以表示莊嚴,同文門就擔當著奎文閣的屏障作用。“同文門”三字為清高宗乾隆手書。
奎文閣
奎文閣原名藏書樓,始建于宋代,重檐五間,金明昌六年(公元1195年)改為三檐,賜名“奎文閣”。明弘治十七年(公元1520xx年)改為七間,清高宗乾隆皇帝題寫閣匾。
奎文閣東西闊30.1米,南北深17.62米,高23.35米,三重飛檐,四層斗拱,檐下八根八棱石柱,內部結構為層疊式木架,閣兩層,中間夾暗層,原上屋藏御賜經書,暗層藏印板,下層藏御香帛。
“奎”,星名。二十八宿之一。傳說為西方白虎之首,共有16顆星,“屈曲相鉤,似文字之畫”,《孝經》上講“奎主文章”,后人進一步將奎星說成是“文官之首”。所以,金章宗為贊頌孔子是天下文官主,將原藏書樓命名為“奎文閣”。
奎文閣自明弘治十七年(公元1520xx年)擴建以來,經歷了幾百年風風雨雨和上百次地震,在西面碑亭內有塊碑記載了清代康熙年間一次大地震,“人間房屋傾者九,存者一”,即說百分之九十的房屋倒塌,而奎文閣安然無恙。到本世紀八十年代初,奎文閣因歷年久遠,加之多年失修,有些木質糟朽,閣上方扭斜,于是由國家文物局主持,組織古建筑專家聯合擬出修復方案,撥款120余萬元,比原定工期提前一年將奎文閣重新整修。整修完的奎文閣,完全保持了原有的規格和風貌。
奎文閣廊下東、西各有一幢石碑,東為《奎文閣賦》,由明代著名詩人李東陽撰文,著名書法家喬宗書寫。西為《奎文閣重置書籍記》,記載了明正德六年(公元1520xx年)劉六、劉七率農民起義軍攻占曲阜、占領孔廟,“秣馬于庭,污書于池”,將奎文閣藏書“焚毀殆盡”以后,皇帝“又命禮部頒御書以賜”的情況。清代奎文閣中的藏書又有增添,清晚期將藏書移入孔府保存。
奎文閣內現為孔子圣跡圖陳列。孔子圣跡圖現存三套,一是明代圣跡圖繪畫,二是明代雕刻圣跡圖木板,三是明萬歷年間的圣跡圖石刻。這里陳列的系明木板圣跡圖印本。圣跡圖全套120幅,描繪了孔子一生主要活動。
十三碑亭
過奎文閣便是十三碑亭院,院內有十三座碑亭,保存了唐、宋、金、元、明、清及民國時期所設立碑刻57塊,南排中間兩座碑亭系元代至元五年(公元1268年)和元大德六年(公元1320xx年)建的;次外兩座系金代明昌六年(公元1195年)所建,其它均為清代建筑。按孔廟的建筑發展,清代碑亭應建在大中門前,清皇帝為了顯示自己,將碑擁擠在各碑亭之前,故在此院內出現了雙檐穿插交錯的擁擠現象。因此有人說這種建筑結構犬牙交錯,兩角相頂,巨檐相交,是古建筑學上所講的“勾心斗角”,“勾心斗角”見于《阿房宮賦》,至于其建筑結構是什么樣子,已無法確知。
十三碑亭內碑文的內容均為歷代帝王、大臣們修廟、祭廟、告廟之類的記錄。從書法上看,真草隸篆、座座不同,其中有蒙古文、滿文與漢文對照石碑,通過十三碑亭可窺見出歷代建筑技術的發展變化。
大成門
大成門在宋代初年叫儀門。宋崇寧三年(公元1120xx年)因大成殿得名大成門。原門三間,明弘治十二年和清雍正二年兩次著火后重修,清世宗雍正題匾。此門用黃瓦、彩繪斗拱,前后各用四根石柱擎檐,前后中央四根深雕云龍蟠柱,其余四根為淺雕花紋,前后臺階中有浮雕龍陛,均為明代中期雕刻。此處并五門,將孔廟分成三路,東為承圣門,院內為奉祀孔子上五代祖先的地方。西為啟圣門,內奉祀孔子父母。中路三門并立,東西各有掖門,東為金聲門,西為玉振門,中路為祭祀孔子夫婦及歷代先賢先儒的地方。
先師手植檜
大成門里東側有一石欄,欄內有一棵檜樹,相傳為孔子親手所植。
此樹最早記載見于唐人封演所著《封氏聞見記》:“兗州曲阜文宣王廟內并殿西、南,各有柏葉松身之樹,各高五、六丈,枯槁已久,相傳夫子手植,永嘉三年其樹枯死”。手植檜樹原有三株,于晉懷帝永嘉三年(公元320xx年)枯死。隋大業十三年(公元620xx年)復生,唐乾封二年(公元667年)又枯;宋康定元年(公元1040年)再生,金貞佑二年(公元1220xx年)毀于兵火。到此,相傳原孔子手植檜樹絕跡。元至元三十一年(公元1294年)由三氏學堂教授張 將原東廡廢墟上發出的檜樹苗移栽于此地,即為第四代手植檜。明弘治十二年(公元1499年)孔廟著火,此樹被燒死,僅存樹身;清雍正二年(公元1720xx年)再次著火,燒毀樹身,僅存下約半米高的樹樁。樹樁一直保存到“文革”前,“文革”初期被鋸掉樹樁,現石欄內尚保留有第四代樹的樹根。現在挺挺高聳的檜樹是清雍正十年(公元1732年)復生的再生檜。因此,如果算孔子親植,那么正好是第五代樹。現手植檜高大勁撥,圍有二人合抱,枝冠似傘,樹身似銅,高達十五、六米,樹頭向南傾斜,不知為什么,清代復生的手植檜樹的形狀竟和明代萬歷年間的圣跡圖石刻上原手植檜的形狀幾乎完全一致。有人認為這個與地理位置有關系,不知能否解釋清了。仔細想來,似乎有些道理。
先師手植樹歷來受到重視,“此檜日茂則孔氏日興”,將它和孔氏子孫的命運聯系在一起。宋代米元章(米芾)將手植檜與封建統治者的命運聯系在一起,有詩為證:“矯龍怪,挺雄質,二千年,敵金石,糾治亂,如一昔”。
樹東立有一碑《先師手植檜》,此碑立于明萬歷二十八年(公元1620xx年),字體酣暢,渾厚有力,是明代楊光訓手書。
杏壇
宋代以前孔廟內并沒有杏壇。現杏壇的位置是宋代以前孔廟的正殿。宋天禧二年(公元1020xx年),孔子第四十五代孫孔道輔監修孔廟,將正殿擴建,位置后移。為紀念孔子講學,在原正殿舊址“除地為壇,環植以杏”,即筑一個土臺,周圍植杏樹,名曰“杏壇”。金代在壇上建亭,元世祖至元四年(公元1267年)重修,明穆宗隆慶三年(公元1569年)重建。
杏壇是紀念孔子講學的地方,最早記載見于《莊子·漁父篇》,“孔子游乎緇帷之林,坐休乎杏壇之上,弟子習書,孔子弦歌鼓琴”。至于原來沒有杏壇,或者說有杏壇在什么地方已無法考證了。一般來說《莊子》上面的記載是比較可信的,但《莊子》下篇一般認為是偽作,而《漁父篇》出自《莊子》下篇。因此,對于原杏壇的記載真偽難辨,尚不得考證。
杏壇內現有石碑兩幢,背東面西一碑為金承安三年(公元1198年)文人黨懷英篆書“杏壇”二字,由孔子五十一代孫孔元措立石于亭內的,面南一碑為清高宗乾隆手書的《杏壇贊》,寫道:“重來又值燦開時,幾樹東風簇絳枝,豈是人間凡卉比,文明終古共春熙”。
大成殿
大成殿是孔廟的主體建筑,是祭祀孔子的中心場所。宋崇寧三年(公元1120xx年)據《孟子》“孔子之謂集大成”語意,詔名文宣王殿曰“大成”。贊頌孔子思想空前絕后,完美不缺,集古圣賢之大成。
大成殿始建于宋天禧二年(公元1020xx年)。現在看到的大成殿是清雍正時期火后重建的。大成殿闊九間,深五間,主殿高24.8米、闊45.69米、深24.85米,重檐九脊,黃瓦飛甍,斗拱交錯、雕梁畫棟。四周有回廊,頂端檐吻足有一人之高,前檐下為十根浮透雕水磨大石柱,柱高5.98米,直徑0.81米,每柱二龍對翔,盤繞升騰,中刻寶珠,四繞云焰,下飾蓮花石座。從底到上全部雕刻深邃,云龍騰起如飛,神態各異,遠而望之,祥云之中蛟龍盤旋飛舞,使人無不感到驚訝萬分。大成殿兩側回廊和后面回廊下的18根石柱為八棱八面柱,上有淺雕云龍戲珠,每一面為九龍戲珠,每根柱上就有72條龍。
殿下有雙層臺基,前有高二米的大露臺,東西寬約45米,南北35米,南有兩層大型浮雕龍陛,四周圍以雙層石欄,石欄下東西南三面共突出24個石雕螭首。雙層石欄設計規整古雅,有復道四通。大露臺是祭祀孔子時舞蹈奏樂的地方。整個大成殿氣勢雄偉,結構整齊,規模宏大,突兀凌空,金箔貼裹,群龍競飛,具有明顯的東方建筑特色。與北京故宮太和殿、泰安岱廟里宋天貺殿并稱為東方三大殿。
大殿內有9座大型神龕,17座塑像。中間一座是孔子,孔子像坐高3.35米,頭戴十二旒冠冕,身穿十二章王服,手捧鎮圭。孔子在歷史上被尊為文宣王后曾經有過爭論,唐玄宗開元十七年(公元739年)追謚孔子為“文宣王”,著王者之服,但此“王”并不確切,因為“王”有君王和侯王區分,有人認為應屬君王之“王”,也有人認為應屬侯王之“王”。宋真宗大中祥符二年(公元1020xx年)“加冕九族,服九章,從上公制”。因此看來,宋以前“文宣王”之“王”應屬侯王之“王”,以后隨著孔子地位進一步升高而被確認為君王之“王”。所以孔子身著的服裝是十二章西周的王服(天子之制)。
孔子兩側神龕內為四配,東位面西的復圣顏回和述圣孔伋,西位面東的是宗圣曾參和亞圣孟軻。四配塑像坐高2.6米,身穿九章公服,手執躬圭,如古代上公禮制。其后還有“十二哲”塑像。
大成殿內除17座塑像外,還有10方巨匾(有的還未復原),正中是康熙皇帝手書的“萬世師表”,光緒皇帝的“斯文在茲”,兩側是咸豐和道光的,南面是乾隆皇帝的“時中立極”等,門外正中“生民未有”是雍正皇帝的手書。
寢殿
大成殿后是寢殿。寢殿,是祭祀孔子夫人的地方。孔子夫人是春秋末期宋國人,復姓亓官,十九歲嫁給孔子,先孔子七年去世。關于亓官氏的情況典籍中記載較少,宋大中祥符元年(公元1020xx年),真宗趙恒追封孔子夫人“鄆國夫人”,元代至順三年(公元1332年),被加封為“大成至圣文宣王夫人”,明嘉靖八年(公元1520xx年)孔子改稱為“至圣先師”,她也改稱為“至圣先師夫人”。最初魯哀公立廟時,亓官氏即同孔子一起被祭祀,唐代開始有寢殿專祠,早期曾有過亓官氏的塑像,后改為畫像,清雍正年間火后重建時,改為木制牌位,上寫“至圣先師夫人神位”,上罩木刻神龕,龕前有供桌。寢殿的建筑年代與大成殿同。周圍石柱上的雕刻圖案是鳳凰牡丹。
東西兩廡
玉虹樓法帖
東西兩廡北部現陳列玉虹樓法帖。玉虹樓法帖是孔子第六十八代孫、衍圣公孔傳鐸的第五子孔繼涑整理刻成的。孔繼涑(公元1727——公元1794),字體實,一字信夫,號谷園,別號薛谷居士。清乾隆三十三年(公元1768年)舉人,候補中書,工書,是當時刑部尚書著名書法家張照的女婿。求學于張照,一生從事書法藝術研究,名重當時,與梁同書齊名,并稱南梁北孔。玉虹樓是他的書房號,所以他所整理摹刻的法帖稱為“玉虹樓法帖”。玉虹樓石刻共584塊,拓印裝裱成101冊,故又稱“百一帖”。整個玉虹樓法帖雕刻精益求精,由孔繼涑獨家刻成,是我國珍貴的書法珍品,具有很高的鑒賞和研究價值。
圣跡殿
孔廟的最后一座殿是圣跡殿。圣跡殿造型古雅,建于明代萬歷二十年(公元1592年),由巡按御史何光主持建造的。他搜集了有關孔子的畫像和文獻資料,交由吳郡畫工章草補充繪畫并刻成石刻,這就是我國最早的完整石刻連環畫——“圣跡之圖”。圣跡殿是專門為存放《圣跡圖》而建造的。《圣跡圖》每幅高38厘米,寬60厘米,文圖并茂,共120幅,描繪了孔子一生的主要活動。
故宅門
故宅門里是當年孔子的故居原址。雖不引人注目,但卻是孔廟中最古老的地方。最初的孔廟就在這里。里面御贊碑亭一間,據說是孔子生前所居之堂的位置。
孔子家住闕里,故宅門所對的街道即是闕里街,闕指石闕。漢代在此街南首建有石闕兩個,元代擴修孔廟時移入孔廟,“里”是指鄉里即村莊或街道,因石闕得名闕里。
游客朋友們,孔廟的游覽到此結束了,感謝各位在講解中對我的支持和幫助,如果講解過程中有什么不足之處,請多多批評指正,歡迎大家再次光臨孔廟,再次光臨曲阜,謝謝大家!
三孔導游詞 篇19
Qufu's Confucius Mansion, Confucius Temple and Confucius forest,collectively referred to as "three Confucius", is a symbol of China's history ofcommemorating Confucius and advocating Confucianism. It is famous for its richcultural heritage, long history, grand scale, rich cultural relics collectionand scientific and artistic value. In addition, in the history of literature,there is also the theory of "three Confucius".
In the southwest of Shandong Province, there is a county-level city with apopulation of 1 / 5 surnamed Kong. It is Qufu, which has a long history of morethan 5000 years. The reason why Qufu is famous all over the world is closelyrelated to the name of Confucius. Confucius is one of the greatest philosophersin the world and the founder of Chinese Confucianism. In the long history ofmore than 20__ years, Confucian culture has gradually become the orthodoxculture of China, and has influenced the countries in East and Southeast Asia,and has become the cornerstone of the whole oriental culture. Qufu's ConfuciusMansion, Confucius Temple and Confucius forest, collectively referred to as"three Confucius", is a symbol of China's history of commemorating Confucius andadvocating Confucianism. It is famous for its rich cultural heritage, longhistory, grand scale, rich cultural relics collection and scientific andartistic value. Because of its prominent position in Chinese history andOriental Culture in the world, it was listed as a world cultural heritage byUNESCO and included in the world heritage list in December 1994. It is honoredas one of the three holy cities in the world.
On May 8, 20__, Qufu minggucheng (Sankong) tourist area was officiallyapproved as a national 5A tourist attraction by the National TourismAdministration.
The reason why Qufu is famous all over the world is closely related to thename of Confucius. Confucius is one of the greatest philosophers in the worldand the founder of Chinese Confucianism. In the long history of more than 20__years, Confucian culture has gradually become the orthodox culture of China, andhas influenced the countries in East and Southeast Asia, and has become thecornerstone of the whole oriental culture. Qufu's Confucius Mansion, ConfuciusTemple and Confucius forest, collectively referred to as "three Confucius", is asymbol of China's history of commemorating Confucius and advocatingConfucianism. It is famous for its rich cultural heritage, long history, grandscale, rich cultural relics collection and scientific and artistic value.Because of its prominent position in Chinese history and oriental culture, it ishonored as one of the three holy cities in the world.
三孔導游詞 篇20
女士們!先生們!
大家好!我叫任一銘,是你們的導游。今天,由我來帶領你們游覽“三孔”:孔府·孔廟·孔林。
圣人孔子有句名言:“有朋自遠方來,不亦樂乎”我有幸擔任導游,十分高興。我將盡力為大家服務,不足之處,請批評改正。
在參觀三孔之前,請允許我介紹一下曲阜。曲阜地處魯中小區和魯西南平原的交界處。大詩人李白曾描寫曲阜:“笑夸故人指絕境,山光水色青如蘭”。現在我們參觀孔廟。孔廟位于曲阜城中心,是古代人們為了幾年圣人孔子生前的偉大思想寬闊的精神品質所建的一座韻味十足的建筑。前后九進院落,占地327.5畝,南北長達1公里;共有建筑466間,54座門坊;加之廟內1700余株古樹,一個個直沖云天,聽說當時誰敢砍倒一棵,就會以殺頭處理。每一棵樹,每一個門的名字都含有圣人孔子“仁”的思想。
孔府與孔廟毗鄰,是圣人孔子嫡系長子長孫居住的府第,三路布局,九進院落,共有建筑463間,加上后花園,共占地240畝。孔府,也稱“衍圣公府”。“衍圣”的意思是說“圣道”、“圣裔”能繁衍接續,
進入孔府大門,由此向后孔府分為三路,東路建有一貫堂、慕恩堂、孔氏家廟等;西路是孔府當年接待貴賓和讀書習禮的地方,有紅萼軒、忠恕堂、安懷堂、花廳等;中路是孔府的主體建筑,前半部為官衙,后半部為內宅。
孔林,是圣人孔子家庭的專用墓地,也是世界上延時最久、規模最大的家庭墓地。占地三千多畝。周圍垣墻高3米,厚1.5米,長14.5華里。林內有各種樹木10萬多株,數百種植物。在萬木掩映之中,碑石林立,石像成群,十分壯觀。
現在自由活動3小時,可以自行游覽“三孔”,也可以進行游戲、野餐等活動,但必須保證衛生。
參觀“三孔”到此結束了,
三孔導游詞 篇21
女士們,先生們:
大家好!
曲阜是孔子的故鄉,曲阜的孔廟、孔府、孔林是我國歷代紀念孔子的圣地,統稱“三孔”。孔夫子生前在此開壇授學,首創儒家文化,而其子孫后代也在此生活繁衍,傳承著孔子的文化思想。1994年,“三孔”被聯合國列入《世界遺產名錄》。
曲阜“三孔”中的孔廟、孔府都坐落在市中心,孔林則位于城北。孔廟是國內最大的'祭祀孔子的廟宇,它是在孔子的故居上改建而成的,可謂全世界孔廟的始祖;孔府曾是數百年來孔子嫡系長期居住的地方,它的規模在國內僅次于故宮;孔林則是孔子及其家族后裔的墓地。
孔廟,公元前478年始建,后不斷擴建,至今成為一處占地327公頃(1公頃=10^4平方米)的古建筑群,包括三殿、一閣、一壇、三祠、兩廡、兩堂、兩齋、十七亭與五十四門坊,氣勢宏偉、巨碑林立,堪稱宮殿之城。
孔府,建于宋代,是孔子嫡系子孫居住之地,西與孔廟毗鄰,占地約16公頃,共有九進院落,有廳、堂、樓、軒463間,舊稱“衍圣公府”。
孔林,亦稱“至圣林”,是孔子及其家族的專用墓地,林墻周長7千米,內有古樹2萬多株,是一處古老的人造園林。
三孔導游詞 篇22
Hello, ladies and gentlemen. My name is __X. Today, I will take you tovisit the "three Confucius": Confucius' mansion, Confucius' temple andConfucius' forest. Confucius has a famous saying: "it's a pleasure to havefriends from afar." I'm very happy to be a tour guide. I will try my best toserve you. Please criticize and correct the shortcomings. Before visitingSankong, please allow me to introduce Qufu. Qufu is located at the junction ofLuzhong district and southwest plain of Shandong Province. Li Bai, a great poet,once described Qufu as "laughing and boasting of old friends, pointing to adesperate situation, with mountains and waters as green as orchids".
Now let's visit the Confucius Temple. Confucius Temple, located in thecenter of Qufu City, is a charming building built by ancient people for thegreat thought and broad spiritual quality of Confucius. It covers an area of327.5 mu, with a length of 1 km from north to south. There are 466 buildings and54 gateways. In addition, there are more than 1700 ancient trees in the temple,one by one rushing into the sky. It is said that anyone who dares to cut downone will be beheaded. Every tree, every door's name contains Confucius' thoughtof "benevolence".
The Confucius Mansion is adjacent to the Confucius Temple. It is theresidence of the eldest son of Confucius. It has three roads and ninecourtyards. There are 463 buildings and a back garden, covering an area of 240mu. Confucius Mansion, also known as "Yansheng mansion". "Yan Sheng" means that"Sheng Dao" and "Sheng Yi" can propagate and continue to enter the gate ofConfucius' mansion. From then on, Confucius' mansion can be divided into threeroads: the East Road has Yiguan hall, muen hall, Confucius' family temple, etc.;the west road is the place where Confucius' mansion received distinguishedguests and studied, including red calyx hall, Zhongshu hall, Anhuai hall, flowerhall, etc; The middle road is the main building of Confucius' mansion, the firsthalf of which is the government office, and the second half is the innerhouse.
Kong Lin is a special cemetery for Confucius family, and also the longestdelayed and largest family cemetery in the world. It covers an area of more than3000 mu. The surrounding walls are 3 meters high, 1.5 meters thick and 14.5 Lilong. There are more than 100000 trees and hundreds of plants in the forest.Among the trees, there are many steles and statues, which are very spectacular.Now free activity for 3 hours, you can visit the "three holes" by yourself, youcan also play games, picnics and other activities, but you must ensure health.This is the end of the visit to "three holes"!
三孔導游詞 篇23
不知道您讀沒讀過《論語》,那上面開篇有一句話叫“有朋自遠方來,不亦樂乎”。那么我就以孔子這句名言,熱烈地歡迎您來孔子故鄉曲阜參觀游覽。下面,就由我陪同各位游覽并進行導游服務,非常感謝您合作,并衷心地希望您對我工作多提出批評意見。
在來曲阜之前,許多朋友可能已對曲阜和孔子有了不少了解,但也有朋友知道并不十分詳細,現在,我就在進入景點之前,先把曲阜和孔子情況簡要介紹一下。
曲阜位于中國山東省西南部,現有人中62萬其中城區人口10萬,面積約890平方公里。“曲阜”二字始見于《爾雅》一書,東漢應邵解釋說:魯城中有阜,委曲長七八里,故名“曲阜”。宋真宗大中祥符5年,也就是公元1020xx年,為了紀念中華民族始祖軒轅黃帝出生在曲阜,曾一度改名“仙源”縣,金太宗天會7年(公元1120xx年),又復名曲阜,沿用至今。曲阜是一個小城,然而,曲阜又是一座有著五千年文明史文化古城,在這片神圣而又古老土地上,中國遠古傳說中三皇五帝,竟有四人在這里留下了蹤跡。據《史記》、《帝王世紀》等史書記載:“黃帝生于壽丘”,“少昊自窮桑登帝位,稱都曲阜,崩葬云陽山”,現在曲阜城東8里,仍留下座金字塔式墳墓--少昊陵。中國有句俗話說道“人往高處走,水往低處流”,我們是不是可以理解為我們中華民族祖先從這里,從黃河中下游向中原,向黃土高原遷徙過程,而我們母親之河,黃河、長江,從黃土高原之上奔騰而下,一瀉千里,最后匯入大海呢!中國還有句古話叫“江南出才子,江北出圣人”,實際上,江北圣人幾乎全出自曲阜。在中國封建時代,受到皇帝賜封圣人一共有6位,他們分別為至圣孔子、亞圣孟子、復圣顏子、述圣子思、宗圣曾子、元圣周公,頭4位都出生在曲阜,后兩位一位是孔子弟子,一位是封地在曲阜,周公后世33代曾在魯國為國君,至今山東稱魯,即起于此。現在曲阜地上地下文物眾多,文化燦爛,有國家級文物古跡4處,省級11處,市級100余處。1982年曲阜被國務院公布為全國首批24個歷史文化名城之一,1994年曲阜“三孔”被聯合國正式列為世界文化遺產。由于曲阜對東方文化重要貢獻,不少人稱曲阜為世界三大圣城之一:“東方麥加”。在這里,您不得不沉思,也不能不感奮,因為這里深扎著中華民族根,深扎著中國傳統文化根。
各位朋友,在中國,在東方這片有著五千年文明歷史土地上,你也許讀不懂青銅器上銘文,也許不理解人頭獸身表現什么,象征什么。但是,當你走進中國人民生活,行走在中華民族繁衍生息、勞動創造古老土地上,你就能感受到、接觸到中國人民在日常生活中流露出來儒家文化氣息,你便能由此體驗到中國人民與其他民族迥然不同生活方式、風土人情和理想道德差異。無論你從哪個角度,哪個層次去探究中華民族個性與品格,都不難發現儒家文化基因,在漫長歷史演進過程中,儒家文化幾乎成了中國傳統文化代名詞。而儒家文化創始人,就是孔子。
孔子,春秋時代魯國人,也就是曲阜人,名丘,字仲尼,生于公元前551年,死于公元前479年,享年73歲。孔子3歲時,父親叔梁紇去世,16歲時,母親顏征在去世,少年孔子成了孤兒,開始了他在等級森嚴封建社會中獨自謀生、學習和奮斗一生。
孔子少年發奮自學,勤而好問,青年時代便掌握了參與貴族政治必須熟悉禮、樂、射、御、書、數六藝,進而掌握了《詩》、《書》、《禮》、《樂》、《易》、《春秋》六經內容,為創立儒家文化奠定了基礎。
孔子30歲設學授徒,開始了漫長教育生涯,他首開中國私人講學、面向民眾,提倡“有教無類”之風,成為中國第一位,也是世界上第一位偉大教育家。
孔子51歲時,才做了中都縣令,后來曾在魯攝相事,然而時間不長,他便辭了官,離開魯國開始了他長達20xx年周游列國之行。
孔子在68歲時回到魯國,他把幾乎全部精力放在了教學和文獻整理上,一直到死。孔子一生是顛沛流離,飽經憂患一生,是艱苦卓絕、激勵奮發一生,是春風化雨,培育英才一生,是著書立說,濟時救世一生。如今,他軀體雖已灰飛煙滅,但他思想,卻潛入每個東方人心靈,他熔鑄了中華民族個性和品格,隨著歷史發展和社會進步,孔子還將引導著人類,跨向21世紀。
曲阜文物古跡和旅游景點很多,大部分與孔子和孔子文化有關。現在我們所在位置是曲阜明故城正南門外,城門北面是被稱為中國三大古建筑群之一孔廟。城門正上方有“萬仞宮墻”4個大字。“仞”是古代長度單位,一仞約等于8尺。據說,有人稱贊孔子弟子子貢很有學問,子貢聽說以后,就說:“人學問好比宮墻,我學問只有墻頭這么高,人們一看便會看見墻內一切,而我老師孔子這道墻有數仞,不找到它門是不能看到墻內宗廟之美麗、房舍多種多樣”。后人為表達對孔子敬仰,明代胡纘宗就寫了“萬仞宮墻”4個字鑲在城門上,清代乾隆皇帝為了顯示自己對孔子崇拜,又把胡碑取下,換上了自己寫“萬仞宮墻”4個大字。這就是“萬仞宮墻”來歷。
孔廟是后人為祭祀孔子而修建廟宇,始建于孔子死后第2年。面積有327.5畝,仿皇宮之制,分九進院落,左右對稱排列,整個建筑群共有五殿、一閣、一壇、兩廡、兩堂、17座碑亭、54座門坊共466間,南北長約1公里。孔廟恢宏壯麗,面積之大,歷史之久,保存之完整,是世界建筑史上唯一孤例。
孔廟大門東墻外面有“官員人等至此下馬”碑刻,過去,任何官員至此,武官要下馬,文官要下轎,以表示對孔子尊重。
孔廟第一座石坊叫“金聲玉振坊”。孟子對孔子曾有過這樣評價,他說:“孔子之謂集大成,集大成者,金聲而玉振之也”。“金聲、玉振”表示奏樂全過程,以擊鐘開始,以擊磐告終,比喻孔子思想集古圣先賢之大成。石坊上面蓮花寶座上各刻有一個獨角怪獸稱“辟邪”,也叫“朝天吼”,這是封建社會王爵府第才可使用飾物。
孔廟第一道門叫“欞星門”。“欞星”又名天田星,古人祭天,先要祭欞星。“欞星門”三個字為乾隆所書。“太和元氣”坊同“金聲玉振”坊差不多,題字為明代山東巡撫曾銑手書,贊頌孔子思想如同天地生育萬物。此院東西各有一座腰門,東邊上書“德侔天地一樣大,他學說古今來說都是最好”。這座門叫“圣時門”,由此住里,有博大精深、深不可測之感。“圣時”二字,取《孟子.萬章下》,“孔子,圣之時者也”句,意思是說,在圣人之中,孔子是最適合時代者。
過圣時門迎面小石橋,叫“璧水橋”,橋兩側偏南各有一座門,東門叫“快睹門”,是先睹為快意思,西門叫“仰高門”贊頌孔子學問十分高深。我們進入大門,稱“弘道門”,這三個字取自《論語.衛星公》“人能弘道”句子,以此來贊頌孔子闡發了堯舜湯和文武周公之“道”。這道門也是明朝洪武十年(1377年)時孔廟大門。再往后是“大中門”,大中門是宋朝時期孔廟大門,原名叫“宮和門”,字意思與孔子中庸之道主張有關,由此門向南望去,一方面可以看到孔廟歷史沿革,一方面也可以看到孔廟不斷擴大,這些建筑既有清代建筑,也有明代建筑,還有宋代建筑,它們建時代不同,工匠不同,但都互相配合,相得益彰,構成一體。看孔廟建筑,同時可以看到一部分中國封建社會發展史。
這塊碑立于明成化四年(1468年),因此也叫“成化碑”,它為明憲宗朱見深所立,碑高6米,寬2米多。這塊碑特點是書法精湛,著稱于世,并且碑文用論辯形式寫成,在極力推崇孔子方面,可以說是之最。大家請看右上角,那上面寫道:“聯惟孔子之道,有天下者一日不可無焉”,又說:“孔子之道在天下,如布帛粟菽,民生日用不可暫缺”。這碑下面動物不是烏龜,叫*屭,是龍兒子,特別能負重,所以用來馱碑,有句話講“龍生九子不成龍”,在孔廟內,龍和龍9個兒子,你都可以看到,當地老百姓常來這里撫摸這*屭,他們說:“摸摸*屭頭,一輩子不犯愁,摸摸*屭*,一輩子不生病”。
我們面前這座木結構建筑名叫“奎文閣”,原是孔廟藏書樓。“奎星”為二十八星宿之一,有星十六顆,“屈曲相鉤,似文字之畫”,后來人們把它演化為文官之首,封建帝王把孔子比作天上奎星,所以孔子又稱“歷代文官主”。這座樓閣高23.35米,闊30.1米,深17.62米,三重飛檐,四層斗拱,構造堅固而且合理,康熙年間曲阜曾有過一次大地震,“人間房屋傾者九,存者一”,而奎文閣卻傲然屹立,安然無恙,由此可見我國古代勞動人民聰明智慧和高超建筑藝術。
我們現在進入孔廟第六進院落,展現在大家面前是13座碑亭,南邊8座,北邊5座。亭內保存著唐、宋、元、明、清各代石碑共55幢,碑文多為皇帝對孔子追謚加封、拜廟親祭、整修廟宇紀錄,用漢文、八思巴文、滿文等刻成。此排中間這座碑,重約65噸,采自北京西山,在當時,將如此重量石碑從千里之外,跋山涉水,運至曲阜,不能不說是一個奇跡。此院東、西各有一門,是孔廟第三道腰門,為“東華門、西華門”。
我們現在進入大成門,“大成門”是指今天下之大成,這一排共有5門并列,最西邊為啟圣門,是供奉孔子父母地方,中路大成門,又有“金聲門、玉振門”相佐,中路為孔廟最中心地方,東為承圣門,原為孔子故居。
大家知道,孔子是偉大思想家,教育家、政治家,我們認為,孔子首先是個教育家,他是中國第一位老師,封建皇帝封他為“至圣先師”“萬世師表”,應當說,他是全人類老師,是名符其實“人類靈魂工程師”。我們面前“杏壇”,相傳是當年孔子設壇講學地方,金代建亭作以紀念,著名文人黨懷英書“杏壇”二字。壇側有棵杏樹,為后人所栽,每當初春時節,紅花綻開,綠葉搖曳。所以乾隆皇帝來朝拜時,曾賦詩贊之,詩曰:重來又值秈開時,幾樹東風簇絳枝,豈是人間凡卉比,文明終古共春熙。
矗立在我們面前大殿就是名揚天下“大成殿”,它是中國“三大殿”之一,與北京故宮“太和殿”,泰山岱廟“天貺殿”齊名,其雄偉壯麗有過之而無不及。殿高24.8米,闊45.78米,深24.8米,雕梁畫棟,金壁輝煌,特別是周圍28根石柱,為世界文化瑰寶,均以整石雕刻而成,前面10根為深浮雕,每柱二龍戲珠,盤繞升騰,栩栩如生,刀法剛勁有力,各具變化。過去皇帝來了,都是將此柱用黃布圍裹。他們若看見恐怕也會自慚不如。兩側及后廊龍柱為淺浮雕,每柱72條龍,總共1296條。大成殿內供奉著孔子塑像,兩側為四配,東西是復圣顏回、述圣孔及,西面是宗圣曾參和亞圣孟子。再外是12哲。每年9月26日、9月28日,我們都在這里舉行盛大國際孔子文化節和孔子誕辰紀念儀式,表演大型祭孔樂舞和“簫韶樂舞”,舉行豐富多彩文化、旅游活動,歡迎各位到時光臨。
三孔導游詞 篇24
走進正陽門霍然入目的“配天門”,是取孔子語“德配天地”而名,為岱廟的第二道門,配天門建于宋真宗大中祥符二年(公元1020xx年),面闊五間,進深三間,單檐歇山式建筑,殿內原祀青龍、白虎、朱雀、玄武等四方星宿。兩側原有配殿,東為“三靈候殿”,祀周朝諫官唐宸、葛雍、周武三人。傳宋真宗東封時,在南天門見三神人,加封為“三靈候”,后來建此殿專祀。西為“太尉殿”是祀唐朝“雖出入將相,而奉自愿厚養”的分國公杜宗的。與配天門南北相連的“仁安門”是取孔子語“天下歸仁”之意而名,為岱廟的第三道門,元代至元四年(公元1338年)創建。建筑結構與配天門雷同,殿內原祀天聾、地啞之神,兩側有東西門神。配天門的西側有碑碣20塊,最著名的是《宣和碑》和《祥符碑》,雙碑高大雄偉,東西對峙,龜跌螭,氣勢非凡,為岱廟現存兩大碑碣。
配天門西南方的“唐槐院”,原有“大可數抱,枝干蔭畝許”的唐槐,民國年間,兵燹戰亂,古槐倍受摧殘,漸漸枯死。1952年,岱廟主持尚士濂又在枯槐干中植小槐一株,并取名“唐槐抱子”。今新槐已成大樹,扶疏郁茂,又成為岱廟一大佳景。
唐槐之東舊有延禧殿、藏經殿、環詠亭、雨花道院,皆毀于民國年間。1984年,在藏經堂舊址上新建仿古文物庫房48間,內藏泰山歷代珍貴文物4000余件,古書籍3000余冊。
北過仁安門透過蔽是遮天的蒼松翠柏向北望去,只見一座五光十色、金碧輝煌的大殿矗立在高大的露臺上,這就是岱廟的主體建筑——宋天貺殿。天貺殿又叫峻極殿,創建于北宋真宗大中祥符二年(公元1020xx年)。公元1020xx年,宋、遼在澶淵(今河南濮陽)交戰,宋真宗雖大勝遼軍,但無心再戰,卻簽訂了屈辱的條約,歷史上稱為“澶淵之盟”。宋真宗為了平息朝野的怨憤之情,鞏固其統治地位,他采納了副宰相王欽若策謀的“天降昭書”的騙局,于同年十月率領群臣,車載“天書”來到泰山,舉行了隆重的答謝天恩告祭大禮,并定于每年六月初六為“天貺節”。笠年,下昭擴建岱廟,又在原泰山神殿的基礎上,建造了天貺殿。
天貺殿東西長43.67米,南北寬17.18米,高22.3米,殿闊九間,進深四間,重檐八角,斗拱飛翹,上覆黃琉璃瓦,檐間懸掛“宋天貺殿”的巨匾,檐下八根大紅明柱,柱上有普柏枋和斗拱,外槽均單翹重昂三跳拱,內槽殿頂為四個復斗式藻井,余為方形平棋天花板。整座大殿欒櫨迭聳,雕梁彩棟,貼金繪垣,丹墻壁立,峻極雄偉,雖歷經數朝,古貌猶存,它同北京故宮的太和殿,曲阜孔廟的大成殿并中國古代三大宮殿式建筑。
走進殿堂,正面高大的“東岳泰山之神”彩色塑像是1984年重塑的,坐像高4.4米,頭頂冠冕十二旒,身著袞袍,手持圭板,肅穆端莊,造形生動,大有“栩栩如生,呼之欲出”之感。“泰山神”是道教所信奉的“百鬼之神”,可主宰生死。唐代被封為“天齊王”,宋時封為“天齊仁圣安”,元朝又封為“東岳天齊大生仁皇帝”,明太祖登基后,認為給泰山神加封號是“瀆禮不經”,故去掉所有封號,改稱“東岳泰山之神”。從此,岱廟的地位也就不可一世,享有“東岳神府”的盛名了。
塑像兩邊的楹聯為清人吳云所書,“帝出乎震,人生于寅”。橫額是清康熙帝于二十三年(公元1684年朝泰山時所題“配天作鎮”巨匾。殿堂內擺放著明、清時代的部分祭器。殿內東北西三面的《泰山神啟蹕回鑾圖》傳為宋代所繪。壁畫全長62米,高3.3米,畫面借描繪泰山神出巡時的浩蕩宏偉場面,表現宋真宗東封泰山時的威嚴和氣勢,整幅壁畫以大殿后門為界,東為“啟蹕圖”,描繪泰山神出巡的場面;西為“回鑾圖”,描繪泰山神返回的情景。整個畫面共有人物697人,其裝束、儀態無一雷同,加以祥獸坐騎、亭臺樓閣、山川河流、花草樹木等,組成一幅瑰麗無比,氣勢雄偉的場面。畫面筆力遒勁流暢,結構嚴謹,布局勻稱自然,人物眉目傳神活潑,衣著線條清晰,表情逼真生動,再加上色澤的絢麗協調,給人以極高的美學享受。
大殿在古時,曾受火災和地震的損壞,壁畫也受到影響,從壁畫的藝術處理上可以看出,壁畫的部分畫面是后來重繪的,但整幅畫基本上保留了宋代原作的面目,它仍為中國繪畫史、道教壁畫史上的一幅不可多得的藝術珍品。
天貺殿前寬闊的大露臺分上下兩層,雕欄環抱,站在大露臺上,大有豁然開朗之感。露臺兩側各有一座御碑亭,內立乾隆皇帝拜謁岱廟的詩碑。中間是明萬歷年間鑄造的大香爐。露臺下古柏相夾的甬道向南延伸,盡頭是一個方形石欄小池,俗稱“閣老池”。皇帝舉行大典參拜泰山神時,群臣就恭候在這里。池內及周圍9塊姿態怪異的太湖石是金大安元年(公元1220xx年)泰安縣令吳銜與其母王氏所獻。每塊石頭各俱特色,仔細觀賞耐人尋味,甬道中間有一玲瓏石卓然而立,名為“扶桑石”。扶桑石北面有一株古柏獨立階下,名為“孤忠柏”,民間傳說唐朝女皇帝武則天懷疑其也與大臣石忠謀反,便將其殺害,石忠冤魂不散,便來到東岳大帝前告武則天滅子之狀,從而化為孤柏。據說,游人蒙住雙眼繞扶桑石左右各轉三圈,然后去摸對面的孤忠柏,凡能扶到的,都是神氣很大的人。這些富有浪漫色彩的傳說固不可信,但卻顯示了泰山悠久的歷史和文化的發達,那些編寫傳說的民間才子,把人間的善與惡巧妙地融匯在柏樹的形象中,給后人留下了許許多多的感慨。
三孔導游詞 篇25
女士們,先生們:
大家好!
曲阜的孔府、孔廟、孔林,統稱“三孔”,是中國歷代紀念孔子,推崇儒學的表征,以豐厚的文化積淀、悠久歷史、宏大規模、豐富文物珍藏,以及科學藝術價值而著稱。另外,文學史上,也有“三孔”之說。在山東省的西南部,有一個孔姓人口占1/5的縣級市,她就是有著5000多年悠久歷史的“東方圣城”——曲阜。“千年禮樂歸東魯,萬古衣冠拜素王”曲阜之所以享譽全球,是與孔子的名字緊密相連的。孔子是世界上最偉大的哲學家之一,中國儒家學派的創始人。在兩千多年漫長的歷史長河中,儒家文化逐漸成為中國的正統文化,并影響到東亞和東南亞各國,成為整個東方文化的基石。曲阜的孔府、孔廟、孔林,統稱“三孔”,是中國歷代紀念孔子,推崇儒學的表征,以豐厚的文化積淀、悠久歷史、宏大規模、豐富文物珍藏,以及科學藝術價值而著稱。因其在中國歷史和世界東方文化中的顯著地位,而被聯合國教科文組織列為世界文化遺產,于1994年12月被收入《世界遺產名錄》。
被世人尊崇為世界三大圣城之一。
20__年5月8日,曲阜市明故城(三孔)旅游區經國家旅游局正式批準為國家5A級旅游景區。
“千年禮樂歸東魯,萬古衣冠拜素王”曲阜之所以享譽全球,是與孔子的名字緊密相連的.。孔子是世界上最偉大的哲學家之一,中國儒家學派的創始人。在兩千多年漫長的歷史長河中,儒家文化逐漸成為中國的正統文化,并影響到東亞和東南亞各國,成為整個東方文化的基石。曲阜的孔府、孔廟、孔林,統稱“三孔”,是中國歷代紀念孔子,推崇儒學的表征,以豐厚的文化積淀、悠久歷史、宏大規模、豐富文物珍藏,以及科學藝術價值而著稱。因其在中國歷史和世界東方文化中的顯著地位,被世人尊崇為世界三大圣城之一。
三孔導游詞 篇26
昨天剛游完了三孔,今天我來到了馳名中外、如雷貫耳的五岳之首——泰山。 登泰山前,我還不熟悉泰山,于是就問以前爬過泰山的舅媽,舅媽介紹說:“泰山以‘拔地通天之姿,擎天捧日之勢 ’,魁梧的屹立在齊魯大地上,海撥一千五百四十五米,被稱為“五岳之首。”聽完介紹,我心里萬分激動,恨不得現在就已經在泰山山頂上了,這樣我便可以眺望腳下的云霧,一覽眾山小了。 我們來到泰山腳下,遠遠望去,半山腰有許多登山者,他們一步一步地往上爬:有的人扶著欄桿費力地向上爬;有的人拿著拐杖,艱難地挪動著腳步;還有的人爬一會兒歇一會兒,邊走邊喘大氣……路旁種滿了參天大樹,蔥蔥郁郁,蒼翠挺拔。只見遠處的群山,連綿起伏;白云自由自在地飄浮著,周圍到處是聳峙的峰巒,險峻的崖壁。
我們先坐車在盤曲的山路上行駛了30分鐘左右來到,就到達了“泰山索道”。我們下了車,坐上了索道。一路上,我們看到了滿山遍野的樹木和鮮花,有紅的、黃的、藍的……在陽光的照耀下,顯得格外鮮艷。纜車底下,一道瀑布從山上流到下面的小潭里,小潭里的水不深,清澈見底,還可以看見潭底有一層細沙呢! 下了纜車,就是“南天門”走近一看,這個“南天門”,氣勢磅礴。最上面鑲著三個金色的大字:“南天門”左右是一副藍底金色的對聯。南天門下面的石階是十八盆,是登山路上最險的一段。從下往上看,像是一條陡直的“天梯”。我們拍完照片,穿過南天門繼續往前走,來到了一塊刻著“泰山”幾字的巨石前。在那里可以感覺到此山的氣勢蓬勃,使人流連忘返。
休息了一會兒后,我們向著玉皇頂出發。走著走著,就來到了兩塊高大的石碑前。這兩塊石碑各高十幾米,寬幾米。一塊寫著許多著名人物為泰山的題詞。另一塊記錄了歷代皇帝的豐功偉績,題目叫做“天地同攸”。于是,我走到兩塊石頭擺了個pose。再往前走就是玉皇頂了, 玉皇頂上有個玉皇廟,廟前是那塊刻著“五岳獨尊”的石頭,字是紅色的,深刻有力,給人一種豪邁、有力的感覺。 游完玉皇廟, 我們按照原路返回,乘坐纜車下山了。 在回賓館的路上,我不得不感嘆到,原來人間也有這么美妙的景色啊,有句古詩說得好:“此曲只有天上有,人間能得幾回聞。”我看應該改成:“此景只有天上有,人間能得幾回看啊!”我真是不虛此行啊!
三孔導游詞 篇27
各位女士、各位先生:
我們現在將要游覽的是古代藝術的博物館——岱廟。
岱廟,舊稱“東岳廟”,又叫泰廟,主祀“東岳泰山之神”,也是古代帝王來泰山封禪告祭時居住和舉行大典的地方。
岱廟創建歷史悠久,西漢史料始有“秦即作疇,漢亦起宮”的記載。唐開遠十三年(公元720xx年)增修宋祥符二年(公元1020xx年)又進行了大規模的擴建,后經金、元、明、清歷代拓修,逐漸形成了規模宏大的建筑群。
岱廟位于泰安市城區北部,恰在南起舊泰城南門,北的岱頂南天門中軸線上。南北長405.7米,東西寬236.7米,呈長方形,面積為9.6萬平方米。岱廟的建筑,采用了中國古代縱橫雙方擴展的形式,總體布局以南北為縱軸線,劃分為東、中西三軸。東軸前后設漢柏院、東御座、花園;西軸前后有唐槐院、環詠亭院、雨花道院;中軸前后建有正陽門、配天門、仁安門、天貺殿、后寢宮、厚載門。主體建筑宋天貺殿位于岱廟內后半部,高踞臺基之上,其他建筑則設在中心院落之外,彼此獨立,又有內在聯系。這種建筑布局是按照宗教的需要和宮城的格局構思設計的,形成分區鮮明,主次有序,莊嚴古樸的獨特風格,并通過建筑空間的變幻,在莊重、肅穆和幽深、雅樸的相互滲透中相映成趣,完整一體。廟中巍峨的殿宇與高入云端的南天門遙相呼應,給人以置身泰山之中的優美感。
岱廟城堞高筑,周長三華里,高三丈,四周8個門,向南開的5個,中為正陽門,左為東掖門,再左名仰高門;右為西掖門,再右名見大門;向東的名青陽門,也叫東華門;向西的名素景門,也叫西華門;向北的名魯瞻門,也叫厚載門。每個城門上皆有城樓,岱廟的四隅分別建有巽、艮、乾、刊角樓,整座建筑雄偉壯觀,氣勢磅礴,猶如一座帝王的宮闕。
岱廟,是泰山文物最集中的地方。這里保存了琳瑯滿目的歷代帝王祭祀泰山神的祭器、供品、工藝品,也有閃爍著華夏文明光華的泰山出土文物和革命歷史文物,并保存了大量的泰山典籍和道經。更為珍貴的是還有184塊歷代碑刻和48塊漢畫像石,成為我國繼西安、曲阜之后的第三座碑林。
岱廟,又是一座賞心悅目的古典園林。虬龍蟠旋的古柏,遮天蔽日的銀杏,玲瓏精美的盆景,爭奇斗艷的花卉,又為古樸典雅的亭、臺、樓、閣增添了萬種風情的媚態。岱廟,一年四季景色如畫,吸引了眾多的中外游客。
莊嚴、雄偉的岱廟,殿宇輝煌,文物薈萃。這里的每一處建筑都體現著中國古代建筑藝術的風采,每一件文物都反映了泰山的文明發展。漫步在這藝術的世界里,抬眼望到的,舉手觸到的都是民族的瑰寶,無不使觀者動力容,令游人感慨。巍巍岱廟,是一座熔建筑、園林、雕刻、繪畫和祖國傳統于一體的古代藝術博物館。
現在,我們到的這個地方叫“遙參亭”。它位于泰安市區的中部,通天街的北首,座落在岱廟正陽門外,是岱廟的前庭,為進入岱廟的初階。古代帝王每逢來泰山舉行祭典時,先要在這里舉行簡單的參拜儀式,以表示對泰山神的虔誠。因此,古時又稱“草參亭”。明嘉靖十三年(公元1534年),山東參政呂經升任副都御史,臨行前改為“遙參亭”,一直延用至今。遙參亭門外的遙參坊是乾隆三十五年(公元1770年)創建,至今完好無損。另有旗桿高豎,左右鐵獅蹲列。坊南的“雙龍池”,清光緒六年(公元1880年)開建,方石壘砌,引王母池之水,環繞岱廟注入池中。因池內西北、東南角各有一個進出水的石雕龍頭而得名。池南是通天街,使人一進入泰城南門就置身于神秘、莊嚴的“登天”氣氛之中。池北側的華板上刻有“龍躍天池”四字。1992年又在池外圍以漢白玉雕花石欄,周長63米,以保護文物。石欄內東側立有清代石碑二通,北側立有“濟南五卅慘案紀念碑”,西北側有古槐一株,相傳為唐代所植,至今枝葉繁茂,青翠欲滴。雙龍池周圍為一小廣場,四周古建筑林立,形成一幅優美的圖畫。
遙參亭為過亭式院落,東西寬52米,南北長66.2米,總面積3442.4平方米。正殿五間,建在院中心長方形臺基上面,寬10.8米,進深7.75米,通高7.9米,為四柱五梁、九脊單檐歇山式,黃瓦蓋頂。清代曾祀碧霞元君。兩側為東西配殿各中間。
遙參亭是一組獨立的建筑,但與岱廟在內涵上又是統一的,由于它的存在,把岱廟神秘而莊嚴的氣氛烘托得更加濃厚。這種既獨立又統一的建筑風格,不僅在五岳中獨樹一幟,在中國現存古建筑中也是不多見的。遙參亭在唐代曾叫“遙參門”,民間曾有“參拜泰山神,先拜遙參門”之說。當您游覽岱廟時,也應首先從遙參亭開始。
穿過遙參亭,迎面而立的“岱廟坊”是清康熙十一年(公元1672年)山東布政使施天裔創建。坊高12米,寬9.8米,深3米,為四柱三門式。坊起三架,重梁四柱通體浮雕。四柱前后流通墩上雕有8個石獅,姿態各異;重梁四柱刻有“丹鳳朝陽”、“二龍戲珠”、“群鶴鬧蓮”、“天馬行空”等20余組形象逼真的祥禽瑞獸和各式花卉紋樣。整座石坊造型別致,刻鏤透細不凡,為清代石雕藝術中之珍品。坊柱南北兩面都刻有楹聯,南面為施天裔所題“竣極于天,贊化體亢生萬物;帝出乎震,赫聲濯靈鎮東方”。北面是清山東巡撫、兵部侍郎趙祥星題的“為眾岳之統宗,萬國是瞻巍巍乎德何可尚;摻群靈之總攝,九州待命蕩蕩乎功孰于京?”。兩副楹聯扣人心弦,先聲奪人,把泰山的崇高地位和泰山神的顯赫聲威做了高度概括,使人未進岱廟便生敬仰之情。
出岱廟坊,迎面看到的高大寬闊的“正陽門”,是進入岱廟的正門,兩扇朱紅大門,象征著岱廟的尊嚴,古時候只有帝王才能從此門進入。歲月的磋砣,到解放前夕,正陽門已是裂痕斑斑,門上方的城樓也俱被歷史的風雨吹打得煙消云散。現在的正陽門是1985年按照宋代建筑風格重新修建的。門高8.6米,上面的城樓高11米,共五間,為九脊單檐歇山頂,24根四方明柱,四周鑲嵌條欞隔,上覆黃琉璃瓦,檐下斗拱出三越四,雅烏墨小點金彩繪,額方金龍飛舞,遠遠望去翹檐翼然,翩翩欲飛。
三孔導游詞 篇28
天貺殿后面是后寢三宮,中為正寢宮,面闊五間,兩邊為配寢宮,各三間,宋真宗大中祥符五年(公元1012年)詔封泰山神為“天齊仁圣帝”后,考慮到還缺個皇后,便于同年封了一個“淑明后”,并為“她”修建了后宮,從“嬪妃”則居住配寢宮。封建統治者為了達到“借神安民”的目的,真可謂“用心良苦,處心積慮了”。
天貺殿兩側為東西碑廊,各種碑碣漢畫像石琳瑯滿目,泰山歷代碑刻精品大都集中在這里。這些碑刻幾乎集中國書法之大成,上追晉代“二王”,下承宋朝“四大家”,真草隸篆,體例俱全;顏柳歐趙,風格各異,其中有七大漢碑的《衡方碑》、《張遷碑》;晉代三大豐碑之一的《孫夫人碑》;造形新穎,書法相異的《雙束碑》;泰山佛教記事名碑《大唐齊州神寶寺碑》等共19塊,均具有很高的歷史文物價值和書法藝術價值。
西側廊內陳列的48塊漢畫像石是自1960年以來,幾次清理大汶口和舊縣東的漢畫像石墓而集。這些漢畫像石,內容豐富,取材廣泛,有的反映車馬出行、樂舞百戲等社會生活;有的描述神話故事;也有反映歷史人物的,畫面圖案工整,造型生動,在雕刻技法上,把中國傳統的畫技同線刻、浮雕揉合一體,體現出古拙質樸、雄健壯美的特點,是研究中國古代文化藝術和東漢社會生活的重要實物資料。
出碑廊,過炳靈門,是“漢柏院”。院內原有“炳靈殿”,毀于民國年間。院中五棵高大的古柏,枝椏交錯,若虬龍蟠旋,相傳為漢武帝于元封元年(公元前110年)封禪泰山時所植,距今已有兩千多年,“漢柏院”由此得名。
院北的“漢碑亭”是1959年在炳靈殿故址上修建的,亭子建立在三層石砌的高大臺基上,十分壯觀。臺基壁上鑲嵌乾隆五十九年(公元1749年)泰安知縣何人鱗所書杜甫的《望?gt;>和《秋興》等名人詩刻。登上亭子極目四望,天光云影,心寬臆闊,岱廟全景,泰城全貌盡收眼底。
漢柏院內碑碣林立,約計90余塊。其中有后人隸書的東漢張衡的《四愁詩》、曹植的《飛友篇》,有后人篆書陸機的《泰山吟》、謝靈運的《泰山吟》以及宋朝大書法家米芾《第一山》、明崇禎年間陳昌言、左佩鉉題篆的《漢柏圖贊》、乾隆皇帝御制的《漢柏圖》和當代眾多名人留下的墨跡。置身于碑林之中就象讀了一部中國的歷史,接受民族的熏陶,,會給每一個嚴肅的觀賞都留下不盡的思索。
由漢柏院向北行,穿過幽靜的小花園進入一個小巧玲瓏的四合院。這里逝帝王祭祀泰山時居住的地方,因座落在東華門內,故稱“東御座”。其建筑為元至正七年(公元1347年)所建,明代稱迎賓堂,乾隆三十五年(公元1770年)改稱駐蹕亭。東御座由長城花門、儀門、大門、正殿和廂房組成,院內建筑精美,綠樹掩映,清靜幽雅,給人以超世絕塵之感。五間正殿高筑臺基之上,殿內按清宮設置作復原陳列,有乾隆帝臘人座像,有龍墩、龍椅、立柜、方桌等紫檀家具及各種大理石花紋飾和金絲銹古器型的掛屏以及文房四寶。著名的“溫涼玉雕花圭”、“沉香獅子”和“黃地蘭花瓷葫蘆”是乾隆二十七年、三十六年朝拜泰山時的供品,并稱泰山“鎮山三寶”。大門和殿堂里身著清代古裝的“衛士”、“宮女”以清庭禮儀迎接游客,使游人仿佛回到遠古的時代,浮想聯翩。
殿堂臺基下立一石碑,用玻璃護罩,這就是馳名中外的“名山刻石之祖”秦刻石。《泰山秦刻石》鐫刻秦始皇功德銘和秦二世詔書,為丞相李斯書寫。他以簡練秀雅的小篆代替了當時筆畫繁贅的大篆,字跡剛勁挺拔,一掃眾家肥呆之氣,碑文共222字,后漸泯滅,明嘉靖年間還尚存29字,原立在岱頂玉女池旁,后經滄桑沉淪,幾次失而復得,今唯剩10個殘字,完整者七。堪稱稀世之寶,被列為國家一級文物。
出寢宮向北,為岱廟的最后一進院落。東西兩座花園內各種盆景千姿百態,藝術地再現了泰山的一景一物,奇花異草。西南方西臺上的鐵塔鑄于明嘉靖十二年(公元1533年),原為13級,現僅存3級,造型質樸,仍不失當年風采,與鐵塔對峙的東南方臺基上的銅亭,又稱“金闕”,為全銅鑄造,仿木結構,高4.4米,闊3.4,明萬歷四十三年(公元1615年)鑄于岱頂碧霞祠,為供奉碧霞元君而建。明末清初移于山下靈應宮,1972年遷入岱廟,是目前國內僅存的三大銅亭之一。
“厚載門”是岱廟的最后一道門,是1984年重建的。門上有“望岳閣”三間,黃瓦明廊,紅柱隔扇,猶如空中瓊閣。站在閣上仰望岱岳雄姿,青山繞白云,綠樹生輕煙,天門云梯宛若游龍浮掛天邊。
出厚載門北行為紅門路,過岱宗大街不遠即到登山之起點,泰山的山門——岱宗坊,由此起步,將步步登高,飽覽泰山的最佳風景,直至登“天”。
三孔導游詞 篇29
歡迎來到曲阜。曲阜是我國古代偉大的思想家、政治家、教育家孔子的故鄉,全國首批公布的24個歷史文化名城之一。孔子有句名言:“有朋自遠方來,不亦樂乎。”今天,我有幸為各位擔任導游,十分高興。我將盡力為大家提供滿意的服務,不足之處,請批評指正。
曲阜概況 在參觀“三孔”之前,請允許我把曲阜概況介紹一下:
曲阜地處魯中山區和魯西南平原的交界處,北依泰山,南引嶧山,東連沂蒙群山,西俯千疇平原。地勢東高西低,境內泗河、沂河等河流均自東向西流淌,自古就有“圣人門前倒流水”之說。物產豐富,景色宜人。大詩人李白曾描寫曲阜:“笑夸故人指絕境,山光水色青如蘭”。
曲阜歷史悠久,早在五六千年前,我們的祖先就在這里繁衍生息,創造了人類早期的文明。不少古籍中,還有炎帝、少吳徙都于曲阜,黃帝生于壽丘(曲阜城東8里處),舜于壽丘作什器的記載。可見,中國遠古時代最有影響的三皇五帝中就有四人在曲阜留下了蹤跡。盡管這是傳說,但也并不是毫無根據的。從境內保存下來的20余處大汶口文化和龍山文化遺址中仍可見到我們的祖先征服自然的遺跡。“曲阜”一名最早見于禮記>>。東漢應劭解釋說:“魯城東有阜,委曲長七八里,故名曲阜。”商代前期,曲阜名奄,是商王朝的重要屬國。周代自“封周公于曲阜”800余年,曲阜為魯國都城,是當時我國一個重要的政治、經濟、文化中心。春秋時期,孔子首創私人講學之風,“弟子三千,賢者七十有二”遍及全國各地,又成了當時的教育中心。魯國是曲阜歷史上的黃金時期,以“禮儀之邦”著稱于世,故山東省現仍沿用“魯”作為簡稱。公元前249年,楚滅魯,置魯縣,秦代屬薛郡,西漢時為魯國都,魏晉南北朝時為魯郡治。隋開皇十六年(596年),首定曲阜為縣名。宋代改稱仙源縣,金代恢復曲阜縣名至今。1986年撤縣制,始稱曲阜市。現面積為890平方公里,人口60余萬。悠久的歷史,燦爛的文化,給曲阜留下了大量的文物古跡,主要的有110余處,其中孔廟、孔府、孔林及魯國故城遺址被列為全國首批公布的重點文物保護單位,另有11處列為全省重要文物保護單位。“三孔”還于1994年被聯合國列為世界文化遺產。
新中國建立后,特別是黨的十一屆三中全會以來,黨和國家領導人對曲阜的文物古跡十分關注,國家先后撥款3000多萬元對“三孔”進行了全面修茸。近年來,為了大力發展旅游事業,曲阜又相繼開發建設了孔子六藝城、論語碑苑、魯國盛世華夏文化城等一批新的旅游景點,形成人文與自然景觀,新老景點渾然一體,相映生輝的旅游資源新格局,成為中外游人向往的文化旅游勝地。
孔廟的第一座石坊叫“金聲玉振坊”。孟子對孔子曾有過這樣的評價,他說:“孔子之謂集大成,集大成者,金聲而玉振之也”。“金聲、玉振”表示奏樂的全過程,以擊鐘開始,以擊磐告終,比喻孔子的思想集古圣先賢之大成。石坊上面蓮花寶座上各刻有一個獨角怪獸稱“辟邪”,也叫“朝天吼”,這是封建社會王爵府第才可使用的飾物。
孔廟第一道門叫“欞星門”。“欞星”又名天田星,古人祭天,先要祭欞星。“欞星門”三個字為乾隆所書。“太和元氣”坊同“金聲玉振”坊差不多,題字為明代山東巡撫曾銑手書,贊頌孔子思想如同天地生育萬物。此院東西各有一座腰門,東邊上書“德侔天地一樣大,他的學說古今來說都是最好的”。這座門叫“圣時門”,由此住里,有博大精深、深不可測之感。“圣時”二字,取<<孟子.萬章下>>,“孔子,圣之時者也”句,意思是說,在圣人之中,孔子是最適合時代者。
過圣時門迎面小石橋,叫“璧水橋”,橋兩側偏南各有一座門,東門叫“快睹門”,是先睹為快的意思,西門叫“仰高門”贊頌孔子的學問十分高深。我們進入的大門,稱“弘道門”,這三個字取自<<論語.衛星公>>“人能弘道”的句子,以此來贊頌孔子闡發了堯舜湯和文武周公之“道”。這道門也是明朝洪武十年(1377年)時孔廟的大門。再往后是“大中門”,大中門是宋朝時期孔廟的大門,原名叫“宮和門”,字的意思與孔子中庸之道的主張有關,由此門向南望去,一方面可以看到孔廟的歷史沿革,一方面也可以看到孔廟的不斷擴大,這些建筑既有清代建筑,也有明代建筑,還有宋代建筑,它們建的時代不同,工匠不同,但都互相配合,相得益彰,構成一體。看孔廟建筑,同時可以看到一部分中國封建社會的發展史。
這塊碑立于明成化四年(1468年),因此也叫“成化碑”,它為明憲宗朱見深所立,碑高6米,寬2米多。這塊碑的特點是書法精湛,著稱于世,并且碑文用論辯形式寫成,在極力推崇孔子方面,可以說是之最。大家請看右上角,那上面寫道:“聯惟孔子之道,有天下者一日不可無焉”,又說:“孔子之道在天下,如布帛粟菽,民生日用不可暫缺”。這碑下面的動物不是烏龜,叫,是龍的兒子,特別能負重,所以用來馱碑,有句話講“龍生九子不成龍”,在孔廟內,龍和龍的9個兒子,你都可以看到,當地的老百姓常來這里撫摸這,他們說:“摸摸的頭,一輩子不犯愁,摸摸的腚,一輩子不生病”。
我們面前的這座木結構建筑名叫“奎文閣”,原是孔廟的藏書樓。“奎星”為二十八星宿之一,有星十六顆,“屈曲相鉤,似文字之畫”,后來人們把它演化為文官之首,封建帝王把孔子比作天上的奎星,所以孔子又稱“歷代文官主”。這座樓閣高23.35米,闊30.1米,深17.62米,三重飛檐,四層斗拱,構造堅固而且合理,康熙年間曲阜曾有過一次大地震,“人間房屋傾者九,存者一”,而奎文閣卻傲然屹立,安然無恙,由此可見我國古代勞動人民的聰明智慧和高超的建筑藝術。
我們現在進入孔廟的第六進院落,展現在大家面前的是13座碑亭,南邊8座,北邊5座。亭內保存著唐、宋、元、明、清各代石碑共55幢,碑文多為皇帝對孔子的追謚加封、拜廟親祭、整修廟宇的紀錄,用漢文、八思巴文、滿文等刻成。此排中間的這座碑,重約65噸,采自北京的西山,在當時,將如此重量的石碑從千里之外,跋山涉水,運至曲阜,不能不說是一個奇跡。此院東、西各有一門,是孔廟第三道腰門,為“東華門、西華門”。
我們現在進入大成門,“大成門”是指今天下之大成,這一排共有5門并列,最西邊為啟圣門,是供奉孔子父母的地方,中路大成門,又有“金聲門、玉振門”相佐,中路為孔廟最中心的地方,東為承圣門,原為孔子故居。
大家知道,孔子是偉大的思想家,教育家、政治家,我們認為,孔子首先是個教育家,他是中國第一位老師,封建皇帝封他為“至圣先師”“萬世師表”,應當說,他是全人類的老師,是名符其實的“人類靈魂工程師”。我們面前的“杏壇”,相傳是當年孔子設壇講學的地方,金代建亭作以紀念,著名文人黨懷英書“杏壇”二字。壇側有棵杏樹,為后人所栽,每當初春時節,紅花綻開,綠葉搖曳。所以乾隆皇帝來朝拜時,曾賦詩贊之,詩曰:重來又值秈開時,幾樹東風簇絳枝,豈是人間凡卉比,文明終古共春熙。
矗立在我們面前的大殿就是名揚天下的“大成殿”,它是中國的“三大殿”之一,與北京故宮的“太和殿”,泰山岱廟的“天貺殿”齊名,其雄偉壯麗有過之而無不及。殿高24.8米,闊45.78米,深24.8米,雕梁畫棟,金壁輝煌,特別是周圍28根石柱,為世界文化瑰寶,均以整石雕刻而成,前面10根為深浮雕,每柱二龍戲珠,盤繞升騰,栩栩如生,刀法剛勁有力,各具變化。過去皇帝來了,都是將此柱用黃布圍裹。他們若看見恐怕也會自慚不如。兩側及后廊的龍柱為淺浮雕,每柱72條龍,總共1296條。大成殿內供奉著孔子塑像,兩側為四配,東西是復圣顏回、述圣孔及,西面是宗圣曾參和亞圣孟子。再外是12哲。每年9月26日、9月28日,我們都在這里舉行盛大的國際孔子文化節和孔子誕辰紀念儀式,表演大型祭孔樂舞和“簫韶樂舞”,舉行豐富多彩的文化、旅游活動,歡迎各位到時光臨。
大成殿兩側的綠瓦長廊叫兩半島,共有80間房屋,是后世供奉先賢先儒的地方,在唐朝受供奉的只有20余人,到了民國多達156人,這些配享原為畫像,金時改為塑像,明代改為木制牌位,期間被拆掉。現在兩廊中主要存放漢畫像石刻和著名古碑。最珍貴的是漢魏六朝石刻22塊,如“五鳳”“禮器”“乙瑛”“孔廟”“史晨”“張猛龍”碑等,都為國家級石碑,被視為書法藝術的極品,價值連城的瑰寶。最北面的兩廡中,珍藏著584塊石碑,叫“玉虹樓”法貼,是孔子68代孫孔繼涑收集了歷代著名書法家的手跡慕刻而成,具有極高的藝術價值。
寢殿是供奉孔子夫人亓官氏的專祠。圣跡殿是明萬歷年間,根據司馬遷<<史記.孔子世家>>編繪刻石的連環畫,共有120幅。這是我國第一部有完整人物故事的連環畫。
我們現在的位置是孔廟東路,這里當年為孔子故宅,這口水井為“孔子故宅井”,是當年孔子飲水之井,后人稱為“圣水”。亭內的碑有乾隆“飲水拜師”和“故宅井贊”,乾隆8次來曲阜,竟有他5次題字。后面這座紅色墻壁叫“魯壁”,在秦始皇焚書坑儒時,孔子9世孫孔鮒把<<論語>>等經典藏在此壁內,墻壁倒塌后被人發現,孔子經典方才留傳于世。
這座殿堂叫“詩禮堂”,是當年孔子教兒子學詩學禮的地方,堂前有兩棵宋代銀杏樹,當初孔府曾用這棵樹的果實做菜,名叫“詩禮銀杏”大家在品嘗孔府菜時,千萬不要忘了點這道菜,因為此菜的出處就在這個地方。
孔廟是一個巨大的文化博物館,我們匆匆看一次,只可窺見一斑。不能觀其全貌,尤其是不能會其神韻,那就留待各位以后再來時細細品味吧。下面我們參觀孔府。
孔府即“衍圣公府”,也是世界文化遺產之一,全國重點文物保護單位。孔府大門與孔廟僅一墻之隔。孔府共占地240畝,有廳、堂、樓、房463間,在路布局,九進院落,東路為“東學”,西路為“西學”供游人游覽的主要是中路。
“衍圣公”是北宋至和二年(公元1055年)宋仁宗賜給孔子46代孫孔宗愿的封號,這一封號子孫相繼,整整襲封了32代,歷時880多年。遠在這封號之前,自西漢以后,歷代封建王朝就給予孔子后代眾多封賜,漢代曾封孔子后代為“奉禮君”“關內候”,魏晉南北朝又封“宗圣候、崇圣大夫”;唐朝封“文宣公”;宋代封“衍圣公”,到民國孔子77代孔德成時,改稱“奉禮官”。“衍圣公”是我國封建社會享有特權的大貴族,被稱為“天下第一家”,在明代,不僅班列群官之上,還特許在紫禁城騎馬等。孔子的嫡系長支大多住在孔府,一直到1948年孔子77代孫孔德成離開曲阜,遷至中國臺灣。
孔府大門上方高懸藍底金字“圣府”二字。有趣的是門兩邊這幅對聯:上聯是“與國咸休安富尊榮公府第”,“富”字缺上面一“點”,寓“富不到頂”,下聯為“同天并老文章道德圣人家”,“章”字一豎直通“立字”,寓“文章通天”。“與國咸休”“同天并老”,這是多大的氣派!
孔府二門里,這座獨具風格的門叫“恩賜重光門”,過去只有帝王大典、迎接“圣旨”時,此門才在13聲炮聲中徐徐啟開,此門又稱“儀門”或“塞門”。過去,一般官宦人家是不允許建的,只有封爵的邦君才能有其殊榮。
這個院子兩側的廳房,各掛有一個牌子,是孔府仿照建王朝六部而設的六廳,即管色廳、百戶廳、典籍廳、司樂廳、知印廳、掌書廳。
孔府“大堂”,是“衍圣公”宣讀圣旨、接見官員、審理重大案件,舉行重大儀式的地方。正中太師椅上,披鋪斑斕虎皮,長桌上置文房四寶、印章令箭,兩旁擺滿各種兵器、更鼓、云牌、龍旗、官銜木牌,象征著孔府的種.種特權,甚是威嚴。
二堂,也叫后廳,是當年衍圣公會見四品以上官員的地方,里面的石碑和牌匾是清朝光緒、慈祥太后等封賜給衍圣公及夫人的。二堂東邊為啟事廳,為正四品官,負責上傳下達,西邊為伴官廳,為正七品,據說,過去官員赴京朝拜天子,一般只允許一主兩伴,而只有“衍圣公”可以一主四伴。
三堂,也叫退廳,也是衍圣公私設公堂,處理家庭內部事務的場所。以上三個大堂,層層疊進,很是森嚴,足顯出孔府的圣威和顯赫。
三堂過后,我們進入“內宅”,在過去,內宅絕對不許擅入,有皇帝賜給的虎尾棍、燕翅鏜、金頭玉棍,由十幾人輪流把守,有不遵令入內者,“打死勿論”。內宅門西邊這個水槽叫石流,過去挑水夫不得進入內宅,只把水倒進石流,淌入內宅。
內宅門的內壁上畫著一個形似麒麟的動物,叫“貪”,是傳說中的貪婪之獸,能吞下金銀財寶,你看它連八仙的寶物都吃掉了,還要去吃太陽。據說當年“衍圣公”出門時,都要駐足觀看此畫,并有人喊“過貪門”,以戒要清正廉潔,不要貪臟枉法。這對于我們現在的官員和“公仆”們,是不是也有借鑒和啟發呢?
這是前上房,有正廳7間,是孔府主人接待至親和朋友的地方,當年孔府戲班在此演戲,東側間有乾隆皇帝送給孔府的荊根床,桌上有同治皇帝圣旨原件,中間是404件滿漢全席餐具,菜多達196道,可想孔府菜之豐盛。西里間,為衍圣公簽閱文件之處。
前堂樓是七間二層樓閣,富麗堂皇,室內陳設布置,全為當年原貌,內有珍奇書畫墨寶、古玩衣冠,里套間為孔子后代孔令貽夫人陶氏臥室,這是孔德成先生的生母,至今尚有她的照片,她原是孔府丫環,后被納妾,生下孔德成,但被陶氏害死。西套間是孔令貽另一夫人豐氏的臥室,此人一生無聲無息,27歲就死去了。
這個院子是后堂樓,各有配樓三間,后堂樓是孔德成先生當年結婚的地方,堂中陳列著當年結婚的用品和名人贈送的禮品和題字。孔德成結婚時,正值西安事變期間,本來蔣介石先生要親自參加婚禮,但遭到抗日將領張學良、楊虎成的逮捕,自然,他也就不能參加這最后一代衍圣公的隆重婚禮了。
我們現在參觀孔府后花園,它建于明弘治16年(公元1503年),由吏部尚書太子太傅,也是孔子62代孫衍圣公孔聞韶的親家李東陽設計監工建造的,到了明嘉靖年間,太子太傅、吏部尚書、當朝權臣嚴嵩又助修建,嚴嵩的孫女嫁給了孔子64代衍圣公孔尚賢為一品夫人。到了清代,乾隆將自己的女兒嫁給了72代衍圣公孔憲培,又為修建孔府花園大動土木,經過前后三次大修,花園成了現在的規模,面積比北京故宮的花園還要大些。這里面有各種奇花異草,古樹名石如“五柏抱槐”“太湖石假山”等,請各位隨意觀賞一下。
孔府存有大量無比珍貴的文物,尤其是十余萬卷孔府檔案,更是稀世文物,為了保護這些文物,在李瑞環同志特此下,撥款修建了孔府檔案館,現在,這些文物和檔案得到了很好的保存。
三孔導游詞 篇30
各位游客:
大家好!
山東曲阜的“三孔”——孔廟、孔府、孔林馳名中外,它是我國思想家、教育家、儒家創始人孔子的故鄉。這里以豐厚的文化積淀、悠久歷史、宏大規模、豐富文物珍藏,以及科學藝術價值而著稱而吸引著游客,今年我就去貴寶地暢游了一番。
走進大門,“金聲玉振”四個大字在陽光的照射下閃閃生輝。這個石門有著怎樣的由來呢?孟子對孔子有過這樣的評價:“孔子之謂集大成。集大成者,金聲而玉振之也。金聲也者,始條理也;玉振之也者,終條理也”。“金聲”、“玉振”表示奏樂的全過程,以擊鐘開始,以擊磐告終。以此象征孔子思想集古圣先賢之大成,贊頌孔子對文化的巨大貢獻。為了紀念這個小典故,后人把孔廟門前的第一座石坊命名為“金聲玉振”。
孔廟的奎文閣是值得一看的地址,它是我過四大名閣之一。它高23.35米,闊30.1米,深17.62米,黃瓦歇山頂,三重飛檐,四層斗栱。內部兩層,中夾暗層,層疊式構架,底層木柱上施斗栱,斗栱上再立上層木柱。奎文閣結構合理,固堅異常,自公元1504年重修以來,經受了幾百年風風雨雨的侵襲和多次地震的搖撼,雖然康熙年間的大地震使曲阜“人間房屋傾者九,存者一”,而奎文閣堅固的旁證仍然無恙,巋然屹立,不愧為我國著名的古代木結構建筑之一。奎文閣前有兩座御碑亭,亭內外共有四幢明代御碑。每幢高6米多,寬2米多,碑下的龜趺高1米多。碑額精雕盤龍,繞日盤旋栩栩如生,碑文內容多是尊崇孔子。
從孔子講學的杏壇北望,在雙層石欄的臺基上一座金黃色的大殿突兀凌空,雙重飛檐中海蘭色的豎匾上木刻貼金的'群龍緊緊團護著3個金色大字“大成殿”。大成殿是孔廟的主殿,大殿結構簡潔整齊,重檐飛翹,雕梁畫棟,金碧輝煌,飾以云龍圖案,祥云繚繞,群龍競飛。四周廊下環立28根雕龍石柱,均以整石刻成。前檐的10根為深浮雕,每柱兩龍對翔,盤繞升騰,中刻寶珠,四繞云焰,柱腳綴以山石,襯以波濤。10根龍柱兩兩相對,各具變化。無一雷同,造型優美生動,雕刻玲瓏剔透,刀法剛勁有力,龍姿栩栩如生。這可是曲阜獨有的石刻藝術瑰寶!
孔府與孔廟為鄰,是孔子世襲“衍圣公”的世代嫡裔子孫居住的地方,孔府占地246多畝,是我國僅次于明、清皇帝宮室的最大府第。有廳、堂、樓、軒等各式建筑463間。
出了孔廟往北,就是占第面積為3000余畝的孔林,它是孔子及后代的家族墓地。園內古木森森,林下墓家累累,碑蝎林立,石儀成隊。
曲阜三孔,宏偉壯麗,是歌頌古人的崇高思想文化;曲阜三孔,中外聞名,是我家鄉山東的一顆耀眼明珠!
曲阜三孔導游詞2各位游客:
后代的家族墓地。園內古木森森,林下墓家累累,碑蝎林立,石儀成隊。
曲阜三孔,宏偉壯麗,是歌頌古人的崇高思想文化;曲阜三孔,中外聞名,是我家鄉山東的一顆耀眼明珠!
三孔導游詞 篇31
Ladies and gentlemen!
Hello everyone! My name is Yiming. I'm your guide. Today, I will take youto visit the "three Confucius": Confucius' mansion, Confucius' temple andConfucius' forest.
Sage Confucius has a famous saying: "it's a pleasure to have friends fromafar." I'm very happy to be a tour guide. I will try my best to serve you.Please criticize and correct the shortcomings.
Before visiting Sankong, please allow me to introduce Qufu. Qufu is locatedat the junction of Luzhong district and southwest plain of Shandong Province. LiBai, a great poet, once described Qufu as "laughing and boasting of old friends,pointing to a desperate situation, with mountains and waters as green asorchids". Now let's visit the Confucius Temple. Confucius Temple is located inthe center of Qufu City. It is a charming building built by ancient people forthe great thought and broad spiritual quality of Confucius. It covers an area of327.5 mu, with a length of 1 km from north to south. There are 466 buildings and54 gateways. In addition, there are more than 1700 ancient trees in the temple,one by one rushing into the sky. It is said that anyone who dares to cut downone will be beheaded. Every tree, every door's name contains the thought ofConfucius' benevolence.
The Confucius Mansion is adjacent to the Confucius Temple. It is theresidence of the eldest son of the sage Confucius. It has three roads and ninecourtyards. It has 463 buildings and a back garden, covering an area of 240 mu.Confucius Mansion, also known as "Yansheng mansion". "Yan Sheng" means that"Sheng Dao" and "Sheng Yi" can reproduce and continue,
After entering the gate of Confucius' mansion, there are three roads to theback of Confucius' mansion. On the East Road, there are Yiguan hall, muen hall,Confucius' family temple, etc.; on the West Road, there are red calyx hall,Zhongshu hall, Anhuai hall, flower hall, etc.; on the Middle Road, there are themain buildings of Confucius' mansion, the first half of which is the governmentoffice, and the second half is the inner house.
Konglin is a special cemetery for the family of Confucius, the oldest andlargest family cemetery in the world. It covers an area of more than 3000 mu.The surrounding walls are 3 meters high, 1.5 meters thick and 14.5 Li long.There are more than 100000 trees and hundreds of plants in the forest. Among thetrees, there are many steles and statues, which are very spectacular.
Now free activity for 3 hours, you can visit the "three holes" by yourself,you can also play games, picnics and other activities, but you must ensurehealth.
This is the end of the visit to "three holes".